Diagram 4 of Foreign Kings Presenting Tribute: Positions on the Vermilion Steps

This diagram shows the spatial arrangement of officials and performers on the "Danbi," or Vermilion Steps. These are the red-painted steps and terrace leading to the main imperial audience hall. The labels indicate where each person stands to create a symmetrical and orderly atmosphere during the ceremony.

Musicians
original: 樂工 (Yuegong). These performers provided ritual music to accompany the movements of the Emperor and the envoys.

Master of Ceremonies

original: 典儀 (Dianyi). These officials managed the flow of the ritual and announced each stage of the ceremony.

General of Heavenly Martial Prowess
original: 天武將軍 (Tianwu Jiangjun). These were elite members of the Imperial Guard, often chosen for their tall stature and impressive appearance to stand as human statues of military might.

Whip-cracker

Whip-cracker
original: 鳴鞭 (Mingbian). These attendants struck the ground with ceremonial whips. The sound signaled the start of the ceremony and commanded the assembly to remain silent.

Three Commanders original: 指揮使 (Zhihuishi). These were high ranking military officers who oversaw the discipline and positioning of the guards.

General of Heavenly Martial Prowess

Master of Ceremonies

Musicians

General of Heavenly Martial Prowess

Whip-cracker

Three Commanders

General of Heavenly Martial Prowess

Foreign Kings (Fanwang): Rulers or envoys from neighboring states who traveled to the Chinese capital to present local goods and acknowledge the Emperor's authority. Presenting Tribute (Jingong): The formal act of offering gifts to the Emperor as part of the tributary system. Vermilion Steps (Danbi): The elevated platform in front of the palace hall, reserved for the most important ceremonial activities.