Treatise on Military Preparedness, Volume 90

To the northeast of Ji and the northwest of the Qiantun Guard of Liao, there dwell those said to be the descendants of the Little Prince original: Xiao Wangzi, the Ming Chinese term for the Mongol Khans descending from Dayan Khan.. Among them are chieftains such as Daraisung original: Dalaisun, referring to Daraisung Guden Khan., Ziwang, and Heishitan original: Heishitan, literally "Black Stone Coal.". In the 34th year of the Jiajing era 1555 CE, they invaded Kuandian; in the 36th year 1557 CE, they entered Tongling; in the 38th year 1559 CE, they entered Panjiakou; and in the 39th year 1560 CE, they gathered the Western Nomads to invade Chaohechuan. Furthermore, beyond the borders of Liaodong, there are two branches of nomads: one named Kuimengke and the other Hulaha’chi, who specifically cause trouble for the region west of the Liao River. Currently, they are led by such chieftains as Tuman referring to Tumen Jasagtu Khan, Han’an, and Tungungui.

The ancient camp of Changping is situated on level ground. To its north, it is pillowed by Juyong Pass; to the east, it shoulders the Bohai Sea This refers to the wider coastal region or the Bohai Gulf command areas.; to the west, it connects to Hengling. It is strategically vulnerableoriginal: chong 衝, a military term for locations where multiple routes converge, making them prime targets for enemy cavalry. on three sides. While it is appropriate for Ji to serve as its screen and for Zijing Pass to provide auxiliary support, its primary function is to control the key passes from the outside and protect the Imperial Tombs original: Jingling, referring to the Ming Dynasty Tombs. from the inside. To the east, it connects to the area of the Dashui Valley and its adjacent passes under the Ji Garrison; to the west, it connects to Bao- The text breaks off, likely referring to the Baoding Garrison.