Treatise on Military Preparedness, Volume 90

Damaoshanling Pass Literally "Big Hair Mountain Ridge Pass."

Qingshankou Pass Literally "Green Mountain Mouth Pass."

Lengkou Pass Literally "Cold Mouth Pass." This was one of the most vital strategic gateways in the Eastern Great Wall, serving as a primary route between the North China Plain and the northern frontier.

Yumuling Pass Literally "Elm Wood Ridge Pass."

Dongjiakou Pass Literally "Dong Family Mouth Pass."

Hongshuikou Pass Literally "Floodwater Mouth Pass."

Huangyakou Pass Literally "Yellow Cliff Mouth Pass."

Longjing’er Pass Literally "Dragon Well Pass."

Lijiagu Li Family Valley.

Newly established in the 4th year of the Wanli era [1576] at Xifengkou; manages matters related to pacification and rewards for the various military routes. The "pacification and rewards" (fushang) system was a key component of Ming border policy, involving the distribution of gifts, rations, and trade privileges to non-Han tribes to ensure peace along the frontier.