Analysis of Doubts in the Artificers' Record

The Book of Space original: 宇書 (Yu Shu), likely referring to an ancient cosmological or technical text. states that on the edge of the wheel, there is a layer that protects the rim; its continuous ring is like a binding original: 綆 (geng), literally a rope for a well, here referring to a protective tire or wrap.. In modern times, the exterior of the wheel rim is wrapped with iron plating; the design of the binding is likely similar to this. It is called a "binding" because its shape resembles a rope.

On external carriages, there are still some that use bamboo to create this binding.
This is called "counting-rod material" original: 筭材 (suan cai) because it uses bamboo. Nowadays, hemp is used to...

Regarding "inspecting the binding": we observe that in current designs, the spoke-claws zao: the tenon or "claw" at the end of the spoke are each separated by a mortise zao: the hole carved into the rim to receive the spoke that pierces the rim. Once the binding is applied, the regularity of the spacing and whether the left and right alignments are perfectly uniform can no longer be hidden from view. To rectify original: 匡 (kuang) means to adjust and make straight. If the teeth chi: the interlocking parts of the joint and the claws are not loose or poorly fitted, then even if the wheel becomes worn down through use, it will not warp or lean to one side, and there will be no need to use tools to rectify it.

In the general method of carving the hub, one must use a square to mark its Yin and Yang.

Since the body of the wood is round, one must divide it into its Yin and Yang original: 陰陽 (Yin Yang); in carpentry, this refers to the side of the timber that grew facing the sun (Yang) versus the shade (Yin), which affects the wood's density and grain. and use a carpenter's square ju: a tool used for ensuring right angles and precise measurements to draw and mark the center.