Treatise on Armament Technology, Volume 118

Section on Surveying: Coastal Defense, Part 10

Page 3

Northwest to Yizhou Guard, 120 li One "li" is a traditional Chinese unit of distance, roughly 500 meters or one-third of a mile. Yizhou Guard was a key defense point in the northern Liao corridor.

35 li

Thirteen Mountains original: "十三山" (Shisan shan). A distinctive landmark near the Daling River, known for its thirteen peaks.

West to Guangning Middle Garrison Guard, 80 li

Altar of Spirits original: "鬼神壇" (Guishen tan). These altars were used for official rituals to appease the spirits of the land and the deceased, ensuring spiritual protection for the garrison.

West

Black Forest Fort

Altar of Soils and Grains original: "社稷壇" (Sheji tan). These altars symbolized the state's authority and the agricultural foundation of the empire; every administrative and military center was required to maintain one.

Guangning Right Garrison Guard original: "廣寧右屯衛" (Guangning Youtun Wei). One of the "Guards" (Wei) established during the Ming Dynasty to manage military farming and regional defense.

Daling River original: "大凌河". A major river in western Liaoning, historically significant as a natural barrier and transport route.

West to the Daling River, 25 li

Martial Arts Drill Pavilion original: "演武亭" (Yanwu ting). A dedicated space for the inspection of troops and the practice of archery and other military drills.

Salt Fields Salt was a state-controlled monopoly; coastal garrisons often oversaw production areas to secure revenue and supplies.

Southwest to Xingshan Post Station, 140 li Xingshan was a critical node in the courier system connecting the Liaodong frontier to the interior of China.

South to the coast, 20 li

Coast, 30 li