Siam: History of Partitioned States Zhenla and Cambodia original: "眞臘" (Zhenla) and "柬埔寨" (Jianpuzhai). Zhenla was the ancient Chinese name for the Khmer Empire, which evolved into modern Cambodia.

Scroll Nine

Siam’s Former Vassal State, now the British Barbarians’ Singapore: History of its Evolution Malacca and Old Johor original: "滿刺加" (Manlajia) and "柔佛" (Roufo). Malacca and Johor were historically significant sultanates on the Malay Peninsula that had various levels of tributary or vassal relations with Siam before British colonization.

The term "British Barbarians" (英夷) reflects the 19th-century Chinese worldview, categorized by the "Tributary System" where non-Chinese groups were often labeled as "barbarians." Wei Yuan uses this term to describe the British as they expanded their colonial footprint into Singapore.

Scroll Ten

Burma Zhubo original: "朱波" (Zhubo). An ancient Chinese name used during the Tang dynasty to refer to a region or kingdom within the territory of modern-day Burma.

The Pyu Kingdom original: "驃國" (Piaoguo). A group of city-states that flourished in Upper Burma from c. 2nd century BCE to the mid-11th century CE.