Illustrated Gazetteer of the Maritime Kingdoms, Volume 4

[and encompasses] Laos, Burma Myanmar., the Five Indies A traditional Chinese term for the Indian subcontinent., Persia, Arabia, and other such nations. To the north lies the Russian empire and its dependencies, also known as Siberia. To the east are the Middle Kingdom China. and its various territories in Manchuria, the Japanese archipelago, and the Ryukyu Islands. To the west are the various nations of the Western Regions and the dependencies of Turkey. In the center are the various tribes of Mongolia, desert lands, and Tibet. Along the southeastern borders, there are many island groups, vast and far-reaching.

The western part of Asia is the ancestral home of all human races. Moral principles, technical arts, and religious systems all originated from Asia. For this reason, from ancient times to the present, it has been regarded as a place of supreme importance. Note: Yaqiya is indeed Asia; it is also written as Axi.

Vietnam I

The Kingdom of Annam A historical name for Vietnam commonly used in Chinese records of this era. is located to the northeast of Siam Thailand.. Its capital is established at Phu Xuan here called Fuyi; later it is called Hudi Huế., which is the Western Capital.