Illustrated Investigation of Plant Names and Realities original: "植物名實圖考" (Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao). A seminal 19th-century botanical work by Wu Qijun.

Chinese Pistache original: "黃連木" (Huanglianmu). Pistacia chinensis.

Among various records, only the Gazetteer of Xiangtan County Xiangtan is a city in Hunan province. considers this tree to be the same as the Kai Wood Kai wood (楷木): Historically, these are the trees famously planted at the tomb of Confucius in Qufu. While various species have been proposed, the Chinese Pistache is a primary candidate due to its longevity and the straightness of its grain.; it is unknown what source they based this on. The people of the Chu region An ancient name for the area encompassing modern Hubei and Hunan provinces. pronounce the word lian similarly to rao; the character is sometimes written as jie original: "捷" (meaning victory or quickness). or ou original: "鷗" (meaning seagull).. In the spring, villagers pluck the new buds to sell in the cities, calling them Golden Oriole Buds original: "黃鸝芽" (Huangliya). These young, reddish-yellow shoots are still used today as a seasonal vegetable..

According to the Fivefold Miscellany original: "五雜俎" (Wuzazu). A famous late Ming dynasty encyclopedia known for its broad range of observations., there is Kai Wood in the Kong Forest The sacred cemetery of Confucius and his descendants in Shandong province. in Qufu, which tradition says was planted by the hand of Zigong One of Confucius’ most loyal and wealthy disciples, who famously mourned at the tomb for six years.. That tree once measured over ten arm-spans in circumference, but it has since died. Its descendants have spread and grown quite numerously.

The buds of this tree are fragrant and bitter; they ca... The text here cuts off; in full, it describes the culinary and medicinal uses of the young shoots.

Qinggang Tree original: "青岡樹" (Qinggangshu). A common name for several species of evergreen oaks in the Cyclobalanopsis genus, most notably Quercus glauca, the ring-cupped oak.

The following illustration depicts the Qinggang tree, showing its characteristic serrated leaves and acorns sitting in ringed cups (cupules).