Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms, Volume 31

The population consists of 25,000 men. The streets and markets are vast. Half of the common people follow heterodox beliefs original: 異端 (yiduan); likely referring to the religious divide between Protestantism and Catholicism in the Prussian provinces.

The Western Provinces of Prussia

One is Westphalia original: 西法里 (Xifali), located in the center of the German states original: 日耳曼 (Ri'erman). It contains many marshes and dense forests. The inhabitants weave and bleach linen and sell hams Westphalian ham remains a world-famous export. Half of the people worship heterodoxy and have not yet embraced the Orthodox faith original: 正教 (zhengjiao); in this context, the author likely follows a source that views Catholicism as the "old/orthodox" branch and Protestantism as the "heterodox" deviation. Its provincial capital is Münster original: 閱士得 (Yueshide).

One is the Jülich-Berg region original: 如勒山 (Rule shan), referring to the Duchy of Jülich and the Berg district, situated along the Rhine River original: 萊尼河 (Laini he) in a mountainous area. The residents are extremely skillful at manufacturing various ironwares and a great many pieces of fabric. The annual value of their goods reaches several million dollars original: 員 (yuan); referring to silver trade dollars. The provincial capital is Cologne original: 可倫 (Kelun), located on the banks of the Rhine. It has a population of 50,000 men who manufacture perfume original: 香水 (xiangshui); specifically Eau de Cologne and silk satins. The temple Cologne Cathedral in that city is very ancient; those who enter it naturally feel a sense of solemnity and awe. Inside this city is a Great Academy The University of Cologne. Elberfeld original: 益百田 (Yibaitian); now part of Wuppertal is a place where the people are thriving and the population is dense; it produces ironware and silk fabrics. Düsseldorf original: 突郷 (Tu-xiang) is located on the banks of the Rhine; its streets are wide, its markets are vast, and it is known as a land of joy.

One is the Lower Rhine original: 下來尼 (Xia Laini) region. It produces much grape wine but lacks the five cereal grains because...