Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms, Volume 67

The Outer Atlantic Ocean South America

To the north of South America lies Panama the boundary between the Northern and Southern continents. Directly north of the mainland are the three nations of Colombia original: "Kelunbi" (可倫比); this refers to the successor states of Gran Colombia—New Granada (modern Colombia), Venezuela, and Ecuador—which were often grouped together in contemporary Chinese scholarship. To the northeast are territories held by various nations referring to the Guianas, which were colonized by the British, French, and Dutch. To the south is Brazil original: "Boxier" (伯西爾), and to the west is Peru original: "Bolu" (孛露) to its southwest is Bolivia. Further south are the three nations of the Great La Plata River referring to Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay. To the west of these lies Chile. The extreme south is called Patagonia original: "Zhijia" (智加), likely derived from the Spanish 'Gigantes' or a similar phonetic rendering of the southern regions; beyond these regions are the lands of the indigenous tribes.

The Nation of Patagonia in South America