THE TITANS, OR THE GIANTS.

They were all brothers of Saturn, and sons of Heaven and Earth, as their 4 names themselves, and the testimony of the writers who have spoken of them, prove. And although some, like Hesiod and Apollodorus, distinguish between them; most nevertheless agree that they either take one for the other, or attribute to the latter what others relate of the former.

The Fable of the Giants is regarded as an example of the punishment which their pride and godlessness deserved. But if it is true, as is in all probability, that one should not distinguish the Giants from the Titans, then no place remains for a moral sense in this Fable, and it will not be difficult to 5 justify the undertaking of these last ones.

4. THEIR NAMES.—] See the origin and explanation of their names, and the reason why they have been confused with one another, in the following remark.
5. TO JUSTIFY THE UNDERTAKING OF THESE LAST ONES.] To better understand upon what they based their rights, and what the origin of this War was, it will be necessary to recount the History of the lineage of the Titans, as it is related by writers who have investigated this subject most accurately.
Coelus (a) Latin: Caelus, meaning "Sky" Uranus (in Greek Ouranos) was the son of Agmon, and grandson of Gomer. Agmon fell in the Hunt; and since he had made himself famous through his victories, his sons elevated him to the rank of the Gods. His son Coelus was a brave Prince: he made himself formidable to his neighbors, conquered Thrace, Phrygia, the Island of Crete, and a portion of Greece. By his sister Therys Likely Tethys he had several children, among others, Titan, Hyperion, Japetus, and Saturn; and two daughters, Rhea and Themis. Saturn, the youngest of all, found an opportunity to raise an army, through which he made himself master of a portion of his Father’s states, and caused him to die of heartbreak; or, as others would have it, unmanned him with the stroke of a sickle. Titan, embittered because he saw himself supplanted by his brother, wished to maintain his birthright and avenge the death of his father Uranus. But Saturn knew how to hold his ground by making his alliances very firm and through the protection of his Mother Therys, despite all the efforts of his Brother; and he forced him to step away from his claims; on the condition, however, that he would raise no male child, so that after his death Titan or his children could ascend the throne.
After the conclusion of this Treaty, (b) Saturn assumed the Title of King, and at once some other signs of Royal dignity, such as the Crown and Diadem; and it is believed (c) that he was the first who ever wore them. Possessing his Kingdom peacefully, he took up his residence in Phrygia, and he very accurately maintained the treaty made with Titan, sacrificing to his false Gods, or rather to the shades original: "schimmen," meaning spirits or ghosts of his Father Coelus, all his male children. But Rhea or Ops, his sister and wife, having found a means to preserve Jupiter by putting another child in his place, which was sacrificed by Saturn, sent him secretly to the island of Crete, where the Curetes or Corybantes Dancers and guardians of the infant god took the care of his upbringing upon themselves and raised him in the caves of Mount Ida, letting him be suckled by the Goat of Amalthea, which, in the course of time, was placed among the celestial signs The constellation Capricorn. And it was in all probability in the same manner that Neptune and Pluto were kept alive.
Titan meanwhile, seeing how he was deceived, rose up against Saturn with other Princes of his lineage and pursued him with such violence that he took him prisoner along with his wife Rhea. Jupiter, now grown up, raised an army, declared war on his Uncle and the Titans, and restored Saturn to the throne. The respect which he earned in this war filled Saturn with some mistrust, and fearing that he would be treated in his turn as he had treated his Father and eldest Brother, he applied himself to nothing else but to cause him grief

and finally came to open enmity with him. Jupiter betook himself to his old friends on the island of Crete. Saturn, giving him no time to place himself in position there, sent a mighty army against him: this was defeated by Jupiter, who, having taken his Father prisoner, threw him into a very narrow prison. But the latter, having found a means to outwit his guards, escaped it, departing immediately for the Peloponnese. But pursued by Jupiter, he was forced to seek a safe refuge in Italy, where he was received very kindly and politely by Janus, the King of that land.
This imprisonment, or this flight to Italy—a region which lies lower than Greece—has given the Poets the opportunity to say that Jupiter threw his Father into Tartarus The deep abyss of the underworld; and it has been added that he was bound there with linen chains because he saved himself by flight, as Virgil says, although Statius believes that he remained there his whole life long, and that he was not allowed to go out except on one day of the year: a circumstance which was famous because of the Saturnalian Feast, when the Masters gave their slaves their freedom for one day and served them (d).
Saturn kept himself hidden in Italy for some time and lived there in peace. But being accustomed to ruling, he could not long enjoy the sweetness of a retired life. He maintained some understanding with the Titan Princes, his nephews, who since their Father’s death had settled in many places in Greece and Thrace. The principal ones were Hyperion, Briareus, Coeus, Typhon original: Tyfeus, Aegon, Elous, Enceladus, and some others. Saturn, finding them inclined to war against Jupiter, whose great prosperity began to arouse their mistrust and envy, made a strong alliance with them; people were gathered from all sides, and a war was begun which lasted ten years. Jupiter, after several battles, brought it to a happy end in the battle of Tartessus, which took place in Spain near Cadiz, to which place he had pursued them after he had driven them out of Gaul (e). Thus triumphing over all his enemies, he finally forced Saturn to retreat to the island of Sicily, where, according to the account of some writers, he died of displeasure, or where, according to others, he was treated in the same manner as he had treated his Father.
Jupiter resided generally on the island of Crete, or in Thessaly on Mount Olympus, upon which he had a fortress built. Here he established himself to personally administer justice to his subjects, who came from all sides to consult him.
The Poets have mixed this History with infinite fables. Firstly, the War of the Titans and the battle which Jupiter fought with them at Tartessus gave them the opportunity to say that Jupiter had thrown them into Tartarus (f), because the land of Spain at that time was held to be the end of the world, and a place which was covered with darkness, and which was taken for Hell. Pluto himself passed for the King of Hell for no other reason than because that Kingdom had fallen to his share. The same Poets add that Neptune kept the Titans locked up in these dark places because, as Admiral of Jupiter’s fleet, he had closed all access to them.
It is also this same War which gave occasion to the Fable of the struggle of the Giants, which Jupiter

(a) Hesiod, Theogony. Homer. Euhemerus, Sacred History of Ennius, as cited in Lactantius & Eusebius. Apollodorus, Book 1. Sanchoniatho, as cited in Eusebius. Dom Pezron, Antiquities of the Language of the Celts. (b) Banier, Historical Explanation of Fables. (c) Tertullian. (d) Macrobius, Saturnalia. (e) Dom Pezron, Antiquities of the Language of the Celts. (f) Hesiod, Theogony.