Mind and Body; or, Mental States and Physical Conditions

...life in its favor, and it appears to be as scientifically certain as is possible when drawing conclusions from effect to cause.” Maudsley Henry Maudsley (1835–1918) was a pioneering British psychiatrist who argued for the physical basis of mental processes. says:

“The connection between the mind and body is such that a specific mental state tends to immediately reflect itself within the body.”

Carpenter William Benjamin Carpenter (1813–1885) was an English physiologist and psychologist known for his work on "unconscious cerebration," an early concept of the subconscious. says:

“If a mental state original: “psychosis.” In 19th-century medical terms, this referred broadly to any mental process rather than a loss of reality. is produced by a physical nerve state original: “neurosis.” In this era, this term referred to a physical condition of the nerves rather than a psychological disorder.—just as a pinprick causes pain—it is also true that a mental state can produce a physical nerve state. It is just as certain that mental causes lead to physical results as it is that physical causes lead to mental results.”

Tuke Daniel Hack Tuke (1827–1895) was a specialist in mental illness and author of "Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body." says:

“The mind, through the sensory, motor, blood-regulating original: “vaso-motor”, and growth-regulating original: “trophic” nerves, causes changes in sensation, muscular contraction, nutrition, and secretion. . . . If the brain is an outgrowth from a biological cell original: “body corpuscle” and is directly related to the structures and tissues that existed before it, then—even though those tissues continue their own functions—we must expect the brain to act upon the muscular tissue, the organic functions, and the nervous system itself.”

Von Hartmann Eduard von Hartmann (1842–1906), a German philosopher who argued that the "Unconscious" was the primary force in both biology and psychology. also says:

“In willing any conscious act, the unconscious will is called forth original: “evoked”...”