A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume 1

CHAPTER VII

THE SĀMKHYA OF KAPILA AND THE YOGA OF PATAÑJALI

1 A Review . . . . . . . . . . 208
2 The Origins of Sāṃkhya in the Upanishads original: "Germs of Sāṃkhya in the Upaniṣads"—referring to the early philosophical seeds of the school found in older Vedic texts. . . . . . 211
3 Sāṃkhya and Yoga Literature . . . . . . . 212
4 An Early School of Sāṃkhya . . . . . . . 213
5 The Sāṃkhya-kārikā, the Sāṃkhya-sūtra, Vācaspati Miśra, and Vijñāna Bhikṣu Key foundational texts and later influential commentators of the Sāṃkhya school. . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6 Yoga and Patañjali . . . . . . . . . 226
7 The Sāṃkhya and Yoga Doctrine of the Soul or Pure Consciousness original: "Puruṣa"—the eternal, unchanging witness-consciousness. . . . 238
8 Thought and Matter . . . . . . . . . 241
9 Feelings as the Fundamental Substances . . . . . . . 242
10 The Three Qualities of Nature original: "Gunas"—the three primary forces or attributes: Sattva (purity), Rajas (activity), and Tamas (inertia). . . . . . . . . . . 243
11 Primary Nature and its Evolution original: "Prakṛti"—the unconscious, material cause of the universe. . . . . . . . . 245
12 Universal Dissolution and the Disturbance of Nature’s Equilibrium original: "Pralaya and the disturbance of the Prakṛti Equilibrium." . . . 247
13 The Intellect and the Ego original: "Mahat and Ahamkāra"—the first two products of evolution from Nature; Mahat is the cosmic intelligence, and Ahamkāra is the "I-maker" or sense of self. . . . . . . . . . 248
14 Subtle Elements and Atoms original: "Tanmātras and Paramāṇus." . . . . . . 251
15 The Principle of Causation and the Conservation of Energy . . . 254
16 Change as the Formation of New Arrangements original: "collocations." . . . . . 255
17 Causation as the Theory of Pre-existent Effect original: "Satkāryavāda"—the theory that the effect potentially exists within the cause before it is manifested. . . 257
18 Sāṃkhya Atheism and Yoga Theism . . . . . . 258
19 The Intellect and the Pure Consciousness original: "Buddhi and Puruṣa." . . . . . . . . . 259
/ 20 The Process of Knowing and Characteristics of the Mind-Stuff original: "Citta"—the total field of mental activities including the subconscious. . . . 261
21 Suffering and its Dissolution . . . . . . . . 264
22 The Mind original: "Citta." . . . . . . . . . . . 268
23 Yoga Purification Practices original: "Parikarma"—mental or moral preparations for meditation. . . . . . 270
24 Yoga Meditation . . . . . . . . 271

CHAPTER VIII

THE NYĀYA-VAIŚEṢIKA PHILOSOPHY

1 A Critique of Buddhism and Sāṃkhya from the Nyāya Standpoint Nyāya is the school of logic and epistemology. . 274
2 The Nyāya and Vaiśeṣika Aphorisms original: "sūtras." . . . . . . . 276
3 Does Vaiśeṣika Represent an Ancient School of Ritual Interpretation? original: "Mīmāṃsā"—a school focused on the correct performance and philosophy of Vedic rituals. . . . 280
4 Philosophy in the Vaiśeṣika-sūtras Vaiśeṣika is the school of atomism and categorization. . . . . . . 285
5 Philosophy in the Nyāya-sūtras . . . . . . . 294
6 The Relationship Between the Nyāya and Vaiśeṣika Aphorisms . . . . 301
7 Nyāya and Vaiśeṣika Literature . . . . . . 305
8 The Main Doctrine of the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika Philosophy . . . 310
9 The Six Categories of Existence: Substance, Quality, Action, Generality, Particularity, and Inherence original: "The six Padārthas: Dravya, Guṇa, Karma, Sāmānya, Viśeṣa, Samavāya." . . . . . . . . . . . 313
10 The Theory of Causation . . . . . . . . 319
11 Universal Dissolution and Creation original: "Pralaya and Sṛṣṭi." . . . . . 323
12 Proof of the Existence of God original: "Iśvara"—the Supreme Lord. . . . . . . . 325
13 Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika Physics . . . . . . . 326
/ 14 The Sources of Knowledge original: "Pramāṇa"—the valid means by which we gain correct knowledge. . . . . . . 330
15 The Four Means of Knowledge in the Nyāya School . . . . . . . 332
/ 16 Direct Perception original: "Pratyakṣa." . . . . . . . . 333
17 Logical Inference . . . . . . . . . . 343
18 Comparison and Verbal Testimony original: "Upamāna and Śabda." . . . . . . . . . 354
19 The Concept of Negation in Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika . . . . . . . 355
20 The Necessity of Learning Debating Techniques for the Seeker of Salvation . . . . . . . . . . 360
21 The Doctrine of the Soul . . . . . . . . 362
22 God and Salvation . . . . . . . . . 363