Instruction on the Fortification of Cities (1527) - Page 22

This depicts the interior of the fortification, with its crenellations, shields, vaults, loopholes, and smoke holes, showing the view from within. It is measured according to the reduced scale.

Here is depicted this bastion, with its crenellations, shields, vaults, loopholes, and

smoke holes, as it is to be seen from within, and measured rightly according to the reduced scale.

A detailed architectural woodcut shows the internal elevation and layout of a fortification. The primary illustration depicts a massive stone bastion seen from the interior. The base features five large, reinforced masonry arches or vaults. Above these are four rows of small, square apertures intended as embrasures for firearms and ventilation for smoke (Schießlöcher and Rauchlöcher). The top of the wall is finished with crenellated battlements. To the far left and right, segments of a gallery or bridge connecting to the main structure are visible. Below this main elevation is a secondary, lower drawing showing a long, plain masonry wall without battlements, labeled as a different version or design.

Here below is depicted the offset of the walls, according to another opinion, without crenellations.