Twigs [Sarmenta]. Twigs [Sarmenta] are the very long little rods of vines into which a flourishing vine spreads: that is, the wood of the vine's own branches and stalks, both while they are on the vine and after they have been cut and removed.

Scape [Scapus]. Scape [Scapus] is a stalk that creeps upward in the manner of a stylus A stylus was a pointed tool used for writing on wax tablets; here Fuchs refers to its slender, upright shape., or is carried high, taking its name from the similarity to the shafts of columns.

Cluster-stalk [Scopus]. Scopus is that branched part from which the berries hang.

One-and-a-half [Sesqui]. The word Sesqui, when placed with any measure of manner, number, or time, explains not just the whole unit to which it is joined, but the whole plus a half. Thus a sesquilibra signifies one pound and a half; a sesquimensis signifies a whole month with a half.

Sextarius. A Sextarius A Roman liquid measure roughly equivalent to a pint (approx. 500ml). holds twenty measured ounces.

Pod [Siliqua]. A Pod [Siliqua] is the covering in which either the grains of legumes or the seeds of herbs are enclosed. For not only legumes, but also many herbs and shrubs produce pods.

Hollows [Sinus]. Sinuses are the hollows of the "wings" Fuchs likely refers to the leaf axils, the angle between the upper side of a leaf and the stem..

Ear [Spica]. An Ear [Spica] is what the stalk has brought forth. In ancient times, country folk called this speca, and it seems to be named from "hope" original: "spes": for they bring forth that which they hope will be. It contains three things: the grain, the husk original: "gluma", and the beard original: "arista". A "mute" spike is one that has no beard; it is called mutica, as if "mutilated."

Sponges [Spongiæ]. Ancient gardeners called Sponges [Spongiæ] those little roots that are tied and connected. Hence the roots of cultivated and garden Asparagus, which merge together entangled with many filaments and are entwined among themselves—almost joining into a single unit—are called "little sponges," "sponges," and "spongy."

Stamens [Stamina]. Stamens [Stamina] are the tips that break out in the middle of the flower cup: so called because they leap forward like filaments from the innermost hollow of the flower.

Stipules [Stipulæ]. Stipules [Stipulæ] are the leaves surrounding the stalk.

Ridges [Striæ]. Ridges [Striæ] are certain parts that protrude and stand out. Hence a "striated" stalk is one provided with such ridges, or roughened with fluting. They are also called strigiles named after the "strigil," a curved scraper used by Romans to clean their skin after exercise, if we believe Vitruvius.

Stolons [Stolones]. Stolons [Stolones] is the name given to the offspring of small stalks, and the useless growth emerging from the roots.

Sub-shrubs [Suffrutices]. Sub-shrubs [Suffrutices] are those that abound with many small woody branches and forks, but consist of tiny leaves.

Shoot [Surculus]. A Shoot [Surculus] is that which arises simple and undivided from the branches, and is like a certain bud produced from the trunk or stem itself.

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Thyrsus. A Thyrsus is a stalk; it claimed this name for itself because it rises up in the manner of a rod, or with the straightness of a spear.

Stuffing [Tomentum]. To the Latins, Tomentum is everything with which cushions are stuffed for a softer and warmer rest, whether it be wool or feathers, or whatever one might wish, suited for receiving our bodies softly and cherishing them with heat. Thus the leaves of Dittany, because they seem soft, are called "tomentose" and "woolly" by Dioscorides—that is, gnaphalode original: "γνάφαλωδη".

Knots [Tori]. Tori are the names for the protruding calluses of parts, gathered into themselves like flesh. The Greeks call them kondylous original: "κονδύλους", meaning knuckles or joints. Hence kondylodes original: "κονδυλώδης", which is "knotty," and to the Latins is the same as showing the form of a knot.

Triens. A Triens A Roman unit of volume. is four cyathi A "cyathus" was about 45ml; thus a triens is roughly 180ml..

Tunic [Tunica]. A Tunic [Tunica] is a thin and membrane-like bark with which either a tree or a root is clothed. Thus an onion is "tunicated" with small husks.

Cone [Turbo]. A Turbo literally a spinning top is whatever spreads out into wider spaces from a point. Hence "turbinated" describes that which continuously comes forth from narrowness into width. Thus the turbinate form of pears is seen. Also, very many leaves of herbs are "turbinated" into a point.

Turions [Turiones]. Turions [Turiones] are the tendernesses of the very tops of trees, which grow every year.

Topiary [Topiarium]. Topiary work is that which is composed from a tree, shrub, or herb for decoration, arched into vaults or chambers. Hence those trees or herbs deserve to be called "topiary" which are suited to this work because they are flexible and follow along with their own suppleness.

V

Vessels [Vascula]. Vascula [little vessels] are the coverings of seeds.

Veins [Venæ]. Veins [Venæ] are those which appear in the leaves of plants, having little branches and carrying moisture.

Vermiculated [Vermiculatum]. Vermiculated literally "worm-colored" is said of that which glows red like a rose, as if with purple pigment.

Whorl [Verticillum]. A Whorl [Verticillum] is a circuit of flowers or leaves that crowns the small stalks or branches of herbs: named from the similarity to a woman's instrument a whorl or 'verticillum' was a small weight used to maintain the spin of a handheld spindle, which is customarily used on a spindle for the sake of turning.

Grape-stones [Vinacei]. Grape-stones [Vinacei] are the seeds of berries, called gigarta original: "γίγαρτα" by the Greeks, which are thrown away with the husk after the grapes are pressed.

Wand [Virga]. A Wand [Virga] is that which comes out from the roots or the sides of the trunk. By some, offspring are called virgae.

Sapling [Virgultum]. A Sapling [Virgultum] is that small fork which is committed to the earth so that it may rise into a tree.

Vinelets [Viticulæ]. For Vinelets [Viticulæ] are either shoots or twigs, but they are runners that wander far and wide, creeping in the manner of a vine. Having found neighboring shrubs, they entangle them so that they use them just like props; or climbing, they ensnare them with their own "little keys" tendrils, by which they cling as if with fingers, such as are found in cucumbers, gourds, and most others.

Umbel [Umbella]. An Umbel [Umbella] is a support for a flower or seed, divided into several longer stalks which, all arising from the same summit, radiate continuously into a wider space. Each supports either a flower or a seed, arranged in a circle. The Greeks call this flower habit skiadion original: "σκιάδιον", meaning a sunshade, but the Latins, because it bears the circular image of an umbella a parasol or sun-umbrella with which women protect their faces from the sun, called it an umbella.

Navel [Umbilicus]. The Navel [Umbilicus] in fruits is that which in their middle either protrudes or is hidden.

Nails [Vngues]. The ancients understood Nails [Vngues] in roses and leafy flowers to be the lowest parts of their petals, by which they adhere to their base and hang down pale. Or more briefly: the "nail" is the name for the lowest part of the petals of a white rose.