The Dutch Tiphys

to distinguish these things: then also that the Grammarians confuse the figurehead original Greek: παράσημον (parasēmon) with the Guardian Spirit original: Tutela. The Greeks have a word for the figurehead, but for the Guardian, they have no term by which to express it.

Therefore, the Ram of Phrixus In Greek myth, Phrixus escaped his stepmother on a flying golden ram; the author argues this "ram" was simply a ship. was not a ram, but a type of ship. The fable concerning the Bull is not dissimilar.

A quote from Horace, Odes 3.27.25-28, describing the abduction of Europa by Zeus in the form of a bull.

On the other hand, Lycophron A 3rd-century BCE Greek poet known for his intentionally difficult and obscure style. sang in his obscure poem that Europa was delivered by pirates into the hands of Asterius, the king of Crete.

Original Greek from Lycophron's Alexandra: — αἰχμάλωτον ἤμπευσε πόριν / Ε’ν ταυρομόρφω τράμπιδος τυπώματι / Σαραπτίαν δικταῖον εἰς ἀνάκτορον / Δάμαρτα Κρήτες Α’στέρῳ στρατηλάτῃ.

That is, as Scaliger Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540–1609), a leading scholar of the Renaissance known for his translations and chronological studies. translates it:

Thus Europa, the daughter of Agenor, King of Phoenicia, was snatched by the Cretans in a ship whose figurehead original: parasēmon insignia was a Bull; and this, as Herodotus interprets from the histories of the Persians, was an act of retribution original Greek: ἀντίποινον (antipoinon), a compensation for injuries previously inflicted by the Phoenicians. In the opening of his Histories, Herodotus records a Persian view that the kidnapping of Europa was a "tit-for-tat" response to the earlier kidnapping of the Greek princess Io. Thus ships, either from their shape or from their figurehead, are turned into fables and miracles. The benefit of Triptolemus A mythical figure who was said to have flown across the world in a chariot drawn by dragons to teach humanity the art of agriculture. to the human race was singular, who [gave grain to those who previously lived] on acorns...