Parva Naturalia and Ambigua (14th century) - Page 8

⚠The text is written in a dense Byzantine minuscule script with frequent ligatures and abbreviations. A "Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana" watermark obscures significant portions of the page. Image resolution limits full legibility of the smallest characters.

For just as it is not possible to come into being without substance, so also?... The author argues that existence requires a foundational reality or "substance" to hold it up.
That substance subsists? by itself...
Definition of substance
Substance original: "οὐσία" (ousia) — often translated as "essence" or "being"; it refers to what a thing fundamentally is. is a self-existent thing, not requiring another? for its own composition?.
Every substance is common? and universal?...
Definition of nature
Nature original: "φύσις" (physis) — the inherent character or "whatness" of a specific type of being. is the substance? of each? thing?...
Definition of species
Species original: "εἶδος" (eidos) — a specific class of things, like "human" within the genus of "animal." is that which is predicated of many [individuals]...
Definition of genus
Genus original: "γένος" (genos) — a broader category that includes several species. is that which is predicated in? the? category of "what is it"...
That an accident original: "συμβεβηκός" (symbebekos) — a non-essential quality, such as color or height, that can change without the thing itself ceasing to exist. is what comes? and goes without the destruction of the underlying subject?.
Definition of hypostasis
Hypostasis original: "ὑπόστασις" (hypostasis) — a concrete, individual reality. In theology, this is used to define the "Persons" of the Trinity. is substance together with individual properties?...
and? certain? individuals? original: "ἄτομα" (atoma) — literally "uncuttable" or individual units....
That difference? is?...
Every nature?...

and those things which are essential?...
That being is twofold?: one properly speaking?, and the other figuratively?.
Concerning substance and accident...
Substance is primary?...
That accidents? are observed? within? substance.
There is? also? another definition?...
Concerning? the ten? categories original: "κατηγορίαι" (kategoriai) — Aristotle's list of the ten ways something can be described, such as quality, quantity, or place....
That substance is the first? of all?...
and? the nine? accidents?...
That quantity? and? quality?...
Concerning? the relative? original: "πρός τι" (pros ti) — literally "toward something," the category of things defined by their relation to something else, like "double" or "father."...
and? the rest?...
as? says? the Philosopher? Byzantine authors typically use "The Philosopher" to refer specifically to Aristotle....

Just as genera? and? species?...
That substance does not? admit of more? and? less?. An Aristotelian principle: one person cannot be "more human" than another; a substance either is what it is, or it is not.
Concerning? division?...
That? the "One"? is spoken of? in many ways?.
Concerning? the same? and? the other?...
That? identity?...
Concerning? contrariety?...
That? contraries? fall under? the same? genus?...
Concerning? privation? and? habit? original: "ἕξις" (hexis) — a state or possession. Privation is the lack of a natural state, like blindness (privation) vs. sight (habit)....
That? privation? is a certain? absence?...
Concerning? the prior? and? posterior?...
According to? time? and? according to? nature?...

because it is not possible? for them?...
Concerning the four? causes?...
That cause? is spoken of? in four ways?: the material?, the formal?, the efficient?, and? the final?. This refers to Aristotle's classic doctrine: what it's made of (material), its shape/essence (formal), who made it (efficient), and its purpose (final).
Concerning? motion?...
That motion? is observed? in? six? ways?: generation?, corruption?, increase?, decrease?, alteration?, and? change? of place?.
Concerning? "having"?...
That? "having"? is spoken of? in many ways?...
Concerning? "together"? and? "apart"?...
And? these things?, then?, concern? the? logical? terms?...
in? which? the? truth?...
End? of the? chapters?.