The Works of Virgil

A rectangular miniature framed by a thick red and black border depicts ancient Roman pastoral activities related to the training of cattle. In the center of the scene is a wooden fence or enclosure. To the left and in the foreground, several oxen are shown with human figures—herdsmen or farmers—standing near them, seemingly engaged in their care or training. The landscape includes scattered trees and rolling hills in the background under a pale sky.

FOR THOSE WHOM YOU INTEND TO TRAIN FOR AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS original: "STUDIA"; here referring to the specialized 'studies' or discipline of farm work. AND SERVICE, REMEMBER
TO BEGIN ENCOURAGING THE CALVES original: "VITULOS" AND ENTER THE PATH OF TAMING
WHILE THEIR YOUNG SPIRITS ARE IMPRESSIONABLE AND THEIR AGE IS PLIANT.
AND FIRST, FASTEN LOOSE COLLARS MADE OF THIN WILLOW TWIGS original: "VIMINE"; willow was favored for its flexibility, providing a gentle introduction to the yoke.
ABOUT THEIR NECKS; THEN, ONCE THEIR PREVIOUSLY FREE NECKS...