[LIST] OF TITLES.

§. X. Water can be raised by attractive force beyond the perpendicular height, with air acting as a medium. 40

PRELIMINARY THEORY II.

Concerning the Expulsive force due to the impenetrability of bodies; or concerning the second principle of Hydraulic-pneumatic Machines. 43
§. I. All bodies of the universe are contiguous with one another original: "inter se contigua." This refers to the Aristotelian view that nature is a plenum, filled with matter, rather than containing a void.. in the same place.
§. II. Bodies expel one another. 45
§. III. An experiment by which the expulsive force is shown, due to the impenetrability of bodies, for raising waters upward. 46
§. IV. Several notes regarding the aforementioned Experiment. 48
§. V. The error of Hero Hero of Alexandria, the ancient Greek engineer. in raising oil by expulsive force in a lamp. 50
§. VI. We can raise water by attraction and expulsion at the same time. 53
§. VII. Salomon de Caus Salomon de Caus (1576–1626) was a French engineer who published influential works on hydraulic machines shortly before Schott. rightly criticizes Hero. 55
§. VIII. The same perpendicular fall of falling water cannot serve for attraction and expulsion simultaneously. 57
§. IX. An error in Giambattista della Porta Giambattista della Porta (1535–1615) was a famous Italian polymath and author of "Natural Magic." is pointed out. 58
§. X. Another method of raising water upward due to the impenetrability of bodies original: "impenetrabilitatem." This is the physical principle that two bodies cannot occupy the same space at once, meaning one must displace the other.. 59

PRELIMINARY THEORY III.

Concerning the Rarefactive force; or concerning the third principle of Hydraulic-pneumatic Machines. 61
§. I. The force of rarefaction The process by which air or a substance increases in volume and decreases in density, often through the application of heat., and its wonderful effect. in the same place.
§. II. Other examples of rarefaction. 62

PRELIMINARY THEORY IV.

Concerning the natural flow of water; or concerning the fourth principle of Hydraulic-pneumatic Machines. 64

CHAPTER I. Concerning the Properties of water flowing freely. 65

PROPERTY
I. Water tends toward lower places. 67
II. The upper surface of water, when flow stops, is spherical; the rest of the parts conform to the vessels and reservoirs. in the same place.
III. Water under less pressure is expelled by water under more pressure. 68
IV. Every part of water, and of any fluid, is pressed by the fluid existing perpendicularly above it, if the fluid is descending in some vessel, or is pressed by something else. in the same place.
V. When water is in its natural state, the upper parts do not press upon the lower parts. 70
VI. Of water