Complete Works, Volume Three

3. Contentions regarding the knowledge of Universals Universals are general concepts like "humanity" as opposed to specific individuals. are raised without cause, since they are nothing other than what Grammarians call Appellative names. in the same place original: "ibid.".
4. Since the Intellect recognizes nothing in things except the singular. 159
5. Human nature will be one and the same in similarity, but not in unity. 160
6. There are other modes of predication Predication is the act of ascribing a quality to a subject. besides the five common ones, and more Predicables. 161
7. The definitions of Genus and Species are not valid. in the same place original: "ibid.".
8. Likewise those of Difference and Property. 162
9. Similarly of Accident. 164

EXERCISE III.

That the ten Categories are ineptly distinguished as Classes of Things.

Art. I. The number of ten Categories is supported by no reason. page 165
2. Certain Aristotelians wish to reject that number, unless the authority of the Master Referring to Aristotle. held them back, since they see that more than ten questions can be asked about Things. in the same place original: "ibid.".
3. The division of Substance and Accident does not fit. 166
4. Substance itself can deservedly be questioned, because they make it sterile like the other Categories which they do not allow to be extended. 167
5. Most questions about Things cannot be stalled within the common Categories. 168
6. God is undeservedly excluded from the Category of Substance. in the same place original: "ibid.".
7. The Categories are rashly imagined as prisons, into which nothing can enter without the loss of liberty. 169
8. Therefore the Divine Infinity suffers no contraction or limitation. 170
9. A concept can apply to God which is also common and Analogous to Creatures. in the same place original: "ibid.".
10. The essence of Quantity is external extension. 171
11. Our Orthodox Faith Referring to Catholic doctrine. teaches that the Eucharistic species The outward appearances of bread and wine remaining after the substance changes in the Catholic Mass. will not be the same. in the same place original: "ibid.".
12. Relation is only an extrinsic denomination. 173
13. It does not seem that Quality can admit of "more and less" any more than the other Categories. in the same place original: "ibid.".

14. Nor is anything common attributed by a better right to the last six Categories. 175

EXERCISE IV.

That many things are proposed futilely regarding Propositions.

Art. I. Many superfluous things are handed down in Propositions. page 175
2. There is no necessity for logical resolution, and it is ridiculous. 176
3. Likewise, what they chatter about the subject and attribute appears ridiculous. 177
4. Likewise regarding Propositions, which they call of eternal truth. in the same place original: "ibid.".
5. And those which they call of future contingents Statements about events that may or may not happen in the future.. 178
6. Similarly regarding what they hold about the accidents of Propositions, such as Opposition, Equivalence, and Conversion. 180
7. And other Modal accidents attributed to them. 181

EXERCISE V.

That Demonstration does not exist as it is commonly depicted.

Art. I. Aristotelian Demonstration cannot be given. 182
2. Nor any Definition such as the Peripatetics Followers of Aristotle. desire. 183
3. Likewise no Genus. 184
4. Similarly no Difference. in the same place original: "ibid.".
5. No universal Proposition can be held. 187
6. The Syllogistic form A form of reasoning where a conclusion is drawn from two premises. of Demonstration is in no way necessary. 190
7. The scientific conclusion of Demonstration is neither a priori nor a posteriori Reasoning from cause to effect versus effect to cause.. 191

EXERCISE VI.

That there is no Science, and especially not the Aristotelian kind.

Art. I. Science such as Aristotle depicts cannot be had. 192
2. This is proved from sensible things, and from Animals themselves. in the same place original: "ibid.".
3. Also from Man himself. 195
4. And likewise from the various customs of various nations. 196
5. Similarly from the various judgments of men regarding these same things. 197
6. Only the appearance of how things seem to this or that person can be known. 203
7. The Pyrrhonists Followers of Pyrrhonian Skepticism, who argued that certain knowledge is impossible. are not injurious to Nature when they profess that Nothing is Known. 206
8. Although the existence of various sciences may be added. 207