Enquiry into Plants, Vol. 2

I wonder why privet, which is a shrub, pace the index of this book

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With spineless plants it is not possible to make such 'generic' distinctions; for the variation of the leaves in size and shape is endless, and the differences are not clearly marked; but we must try to distinguish on another principle. There are many classes of such plants and they differ widely, as rock-rose, bryony, madder, privet, kneoron, marjoram, savory, sphakos (sage), elelisphakos (salvia), hore-hound, konyza, balm, and others like these; and in addition to these we have the plants with a ferula-like stem or with a stem composed of fibre, as fennel, horse-fennel, narthekia (ferula), narthex (ferula), and the plant called by some wolf's bane, and others like these. All these, as well as any other ferula-like plants, may be placed in the class of under-shrubs.

Of spineless under-shrubs and their differences.

II. The various forms and the differences between the above mentioned plants are in some cases more, in some less easy to distinguish. Of rock-rose they distinguish two kinds, 'male' and 'female,' in that the one is larger, tougher, more glossy, and has a crimson flower; both however are like the wild rose, save that the flower is smaller and scentless.

There are also two kinds of kneoron, one white, the other black. The white has a leathery oblong