NONIVS MARCELLVS

marginal numbers: 435. 436 M.

QVARTVM fourthly and QVARTO in the fourth place/the fourth differ, as the learned have said. Varro, in the fifth book of his Disciplinae Studies/Disciplines: "It is one thing to be made praetor quarto in the fourth place, and another quartum a fourth time: quarto signifies the position, implying three were made before; quartum signifies time, implying it was done three times before." Ennius rightly says:

The fifth father becomes consul for the fourth time original: "Quintu' pater quartum fit consul.".

TVRPE disgraceful/shameful and FOEDVM foul/abominable have an obvious distinction. For turpe is a lighter matter, while foedum carries greater force. M. Tullius Cicero in De Officiis On Duties: "Luxury is indeed disgraceful at any age, but most foul in old age."

M. Tullius is the revealer of the difference between FORMAE forms/shapes and FIGVRAE figures/outlines. For he intended forma to be the integrity of the appearance, and figura to be our own form likely referring to the physical habitus. In De Officiis, Book I: "In the beginning of our body, nature itself seems to have taken great care: she placed in plain sight our form and the rest of our figure, in which there is an honest appearance."

M. Tullius wished DIGNITAS dignity and VENVSTAS grace/charm to be distinguished, so that dignitas should be attributed to men, and venustas to women. In De Officiis, Book I: "We ought to attribute grace to women, and dignity to men."

MONSTRA monsters/portents, PRODIGIA prodigies/omens, and PORTENTA prodigies/signs differ in this: monstra are shows ostenta and warnings from the gods. Vergilius, Book III:

I report to the chosen elders of the people and to my father first, the monsters original: "monstra deum refero." of the gods.

Prodigia are the threats or wrath of the gods. Vergilius, Aeneid Book III: