NONIVS MARCELLVS

436. 437 M.

...they do not wish the senate to be scorned, despised, and held for nothing by you." And in De Senectute On Old Age: "They think they are scorned, despised, and mocked."

CVPIDITAS desire/eagerness and CVPIDO desire/lust are different. For cupiditas is lighter. Lucilius, Book XXVIII:

Desire cupiditas is never taken from a man, but lust cupido and folly are original: "cupiditas ex homine cupido et stulto numquam tollitur.";

because cupiditas is a certain more temperate part, flowing down from cupido.

AEMVLATIO emulation/rivalry differs from IMITATIO imitation in this: imitation is simple and does not admit malice livorem envy/bitterness or spite; but aemulatio certainly has the zeal of imitating, but with the operation of malice. Vergilius, Book VI:

The rival aemulus Triton, if it is worth believing, had plunged the man into the foaming waves between the rocks original: "aemulus exceptum Triton, si credere dignumst, / inter saxa virum spumosa inmerserat unda.".

M. Tullius in the Caesarian Orations: "As if by a certain rival and imitator of my studies and labors, and a companion, he had been pulled away."

PROBATVM proven/approved and SPECTATVM tested/well-regarded differ in that spectatum has the force of something greater. Lucilius, Book XXVI:

Your youth, highly approved and tested original: "tuam probatam mi et spectatam maxume aduliscentiam.".