PREFACE

I 2 § 45 Gandaridas] "Gandaridas is a frequent confusion for Gangaridas," GUTSCHMID.

I 2 § 52 I have retained the emendations I once proposed:
It begins and descending, since this period is so disturbed that it does not seem to have been written even by Orosius, no better remedy has been found. I conjectured, however, that incipit it begins was a cosmographer and Isidore, and descendens descending was Isidore having read it in each of his copies of Orosius. Furthermore, that Isidore did not add descendens on his own, but repeated it from Orosius, is more probable because the abbreviator wrongly understood his author. For Orosius says this: Europe begins at the Riphaean mountains . . . . along the shore of the northern ocean as far as Belgic Gaul and the river Rhine, which is from the west, descending (that is, Europe begins at the Riphaean mountains and descends along the shore). But Isidore, by mistake, connected descendens with ab occasu from the west; for he wrote: 'it begins from the river Tanais, descending from the west along the northern ocean.' Goldbacher, in the Viennese Zeitschrift für Gymn. 1883 p. 107, went further astray, for he mistakenly referred the words in occasu descendens not to Europe but to the Rhine, and wrongly combined incipit with per litus s. o. usque ad G. Belg., thinking he had refuted my conjectures.

I 2 § 60 inter Danuuium Galliamque between the Danube and Gaul] It is easy to correct to 'Rhenumque' and the Rhine, which Staelin, Württembergische Geschichte History of Württemberg I (1841) p. 86 and recently Riese, Geographi Latini Minores Minor Latin Geographers p. 63, proposed; cf. Bauer, Zeitschr. f. Wirt. Franken 1852 p. 52. But Isidore already seems to have read 'Galliamque' in his copy of Orosius in Orig. 14, 4, 16. Perhaps the words 'a Gallia inter Danuuium' from Gaul between the Danube (which are missing in Isidore) were interpolated, and after 'limitem' boundary, 'fluminis Rheni' of the river Rhine was dropped (cf. § 63). For to Orosius, the limes boundary/limit is not the rampart of Upper Germany but the Rhine itself.

I 2 § 69 est is] commonly inserted against the best manuscripts. Goldbacher p. 107 correctly thinks it should be deleted.

I 2 § 78 Cf. A. Haebler, Die Nord- und Westküste Hispaniens The North and West Coast of Hispania, Leipzig 1886 (Program) p. 32.