Pliny: Natural History, Vol. II

14 The towns of the Celtici are distinguished by surnames in Baetica: to Seria is added Fama Julia, to Nertobriga, Concordia Julia, to Segida, Restituta Julia, to Contributa Julia Ugultunia (with which the town of Curiga is now included), to Lacimurga, Constantia Julia; the Stereses are called Fortunales, and the Callenses are called Aenicianei. Besides these, there are in Celtica: Acinipo, Arunda, Arunci, Turobriga, Lastigi, Salpesa, Saepone, and Serippo. The other Baeturia, which we have said belongs to the Turduli and the jurisdiction of Cordova, contains the notable towns of Arsa, Mellaria, Mirobriga Regina, Sosintigi, and Sisapo.

15 To the jurisdiction of Gadis belong: Regina, containing Roman citizens; Laepia Regia, containing Latin citizens; Carisa, surnamed Aurelia; Urgia, surnamed Castrum Iulium; and likewise Caesaris Salutariensis. The tributary towns are Besaro, Belippo, Barbesula, Blacippo, Baesippo, Callet, Cappacum, Oleastro, Iptuci, Ibrona, Lascuta, Saguntia, Saudo, and Usaepo.

16 Marcus Agrippa reported the total length of this province as 475 miles and the breadth as 258 miles, but this was when its borders extended as far as Carthage. This fact causes great errors in the calculation of measurements quite often, as the mode of the provinces is changed in one place, or the paces of the journeys are increased or diminished in another. Over such a long period of time, the seas have encroached, shores have advanced, or rivers have twisted or

straightened their courses. Furthermore, different people take the starting point for their measurements from different places and follow different paths. It thus happens that no two authorities agree.

Dimensions of Baetica.