The Complete Works of Claudius Galen, Vol. 8

...as we had thought, yet his voice remained impaired. Furthermore, the specific nature of the substance distinguishes ulcers of the kidneys from those in the bladder, just as Hippocrates Hippocrates of Kos, the famous Greek physician often called the "Father of Medicine." wrote in his Aphorisms:

Those substances resembling flakes or scales that are carried in the urine signify an ulceration of the bladder, while those resembling small pieces of flesh signify an ulceration of the kidneys. original: "τὰ μὲν πεταλώδη τοῖσιν οὔροισιν ἐμφερόμενα τῆς κύστεως ἕλκωσιν σημαίνει, τὰ δὲ σαρκώδη τῶν νεφρῶν" / "Quae cum urinis excernuntur, laminarum speciem referentia, vesicae ulcus significant; quae vero carunculis similia sunt, renum."

Indeed, the location of an affected part is frequently revealed to us by the substances contained within certain organs. In Mitylene A city on the Greek island of Lesbos., for instance, a young man was wounded by a sword to a significant depth near the seat. For the first three days, he remained without food or drink. On the fourth day after his treatment, he was fed and given something to drink. Later, at sunset, while he was being treated again, he discharged about four kotylae original: "κοτύλας" / "heminas"; a unit of liquid measure roughly equal to half a pint or a small bowl. of urine through the wound. He had not urinated at all since the moment he was first wounded. At that same time, he said he was completely relieved of the weight that had previously been distressing him in the region called the pubis original: "ἐφήβαιον" / "pubem"; the area of the lower abdomen above the genitals..

It was therefore clear in this case that the bladder had been wounded. It is equally clear that the intestines have been wounded in a person who discharges feces through a wound. Similarly...