Marengus — Secrets of Chemical Pallas Revealed, ca. 1700

...and converting them into its own matter, Sal alkali Alkali salt extracted from its earth, Salt of metals, Sal armoniacum Salt ammoniac, Salt of the urine of metals, Sulphur Sulfur, white foliated earth, depurated earth, the toad, a transforming and deadly venom.

These names, when kept in their order and proportion, also apply to the vegetable and animal Sulfurs. While the gold itself is in its first matter and reduced to a mercurial nature, then it is called the Philosophers' Living Silver original: "argentum uiuum Phor:".

The foliated earth of Raymond Lully

I say twelfth. Sometimes Raymond Lully

began his work from a certain foliated earth, which he made thus: he took seven parts of most perfectly purified mercury, and two parts of common gold, calcined or in leaf form, and mixed them together: and he filtered them so long that they passed together through leather; then he sublimated them together so many times, putting the sublimated part back with the non-sublimated part, so that all things were sublimated together: he called the sublimated part terra foliata foliated earth, which he afterwards dissolved with some menstruo solvent, and distilled again with the solvent through a low-heat retort, or before he dissolved it with the solvent, he calcined it with a gentle fire, and afterwards dissolved and distilled it. Then, having separated the solvent by light distillation, he decocted and fixed the matter and afterwards waxed it with the oil of the sun, and with this medicine he made the projection, or he multiplied it before the waxing. All these things will be very clearly established from what is to be said.

Those things that pertain to this transmutatory art are defined.

What the transmutatory art is.

It has happened that on account of various and continuous frauds, by which not rarely certain idle smoke-sellers and charlatans deceive the masses, mock many people, and lead everyone into desperate poverty, the name of Alchemy is now understood as some impure and deceptive mixture of metals, which serves neither...

...the health of men, nor the true transmutation of metals; but only feeds the eyes, or deceives the unwary, while they show gold through sophisticated tinctures and crude amalgamations, which neither is gold, nor ever turns out to be a perfect metal. The matter is not so; those things ought to be called not Alchemy, but the shadow of Alchemy, its painting, and similar things: for true and perfect Alchemy is that renowned and most worthy transmutatory art of the ancient Sages original: "Sophorum", which teaches and explains the method and means by which medicines may be made or can be made, both for protecting and causing the health of men, and for perfecting imperfect metals and living silver, by reducing them into perfect gold or into the best silver.

What the Philosophers' Stone is.

The perfect Philosophers' Stone, speaking strictly, is the metallic Sulfur itself, whether sublimated, multiplied, or not multiplied, yet nourished with the oil of the sun or the moon according to its nature, and fixed with it: sometimes, however, the medium substance of common mercury also goes by that name.

What the elixir is.

The philosophical elyxir elixir is perfect metal dissolved philosophically original: "Phicè" in a menstruo solvent, and reduced to its first matter, or it is the oil of the sun or the moon. Sometimes, however, it is taken for the Stone itself, and dissolved with the oil of its own species. Moreover, the Elyxir of life, which is also called aurum potabile potable gold, is gold itself dissolved philosophically with a vegetable solvent, and circulated with the same solvent, as will be said in its place.

What the mercury of metals is.

By the mercury of metals nothing else is understood but the soul or tincture of metals; it is, moreover, that mercurial part which is extracted from a metal calcined philosophically, so that in the bottom of the vessel only the element of earth remains. The separation of Mercury from the element of earth is made with a vegetable or animal solvent. Not infrequently under the name of mercury...