[Iustiniani Institutiones]

a Regarding status, although the person and the mistress can be accused.
c Natural and legitimate, or natural only.
d Pedagogum, namely one who instructs children from the beginning, from pedos child and gogos to lead, as if to say leader or governor of boys.
e Alumnum, whom he or she has raised, so that it differs from the superior.
f Collactaneum, one who has suckled with me, whom they call a foster brother.
g May he marry, having taken an oath upon this.
h A just cause has the strength that grants a delay.
i Seventeen years. But how can a minor under twenty years be a curator? It means he can attend to business but cannot be in court.
k Approved, namely, the manumission by the council.
l Or false. If one said "son," even if it is not so, or "father" or "daughter," even if these things are not so. Since what is false does nothing, it does not provide a cause. Therefore "true" means just, "false" means unjust.
m It will be retracted, because nothing should be easily changed from solemn acts.
n When it is constituted, for since it says it cannot be manumitted without a cause, therefore, conversely, manumission is valid with a cause.

And a slave who is manumitted for the purpose of having an agent should not be manumitted if he is under seventeen years of age. Once a cause is approved, whether it is true or false, it shall not be retracted. But since a certain method of manumitting was established by the Lex Aelia Sentia Aelian Sentian Law for masters under twenty years of age, it happened that one who had completed thirteen years could make a will and therein institute an heir for himself and leave legacies, yet if he was still under twenty years, he could not give liberty to a slave. This was not to be tolerated, that he to whom the disposition of all his goods was given in a will, was not permitted to give liberty to a single slave. Why do we not permit him to dispose of his slaves in his last will just as he does with other things, so that he may grant them liberty? But

o Will, if he is a male; a woman, however, at twelve.
p But since liberty is until now argued, he implies that he can manumit at the same time he makes a will. Now, conversely, you consider two reasons. And because liberty is priceless, yet if one sells himself, it remains with the buyer.
q The middle way. Note the middle way.
r Has completed. But today, since they can make a will and leave liberties, if one wishes to leave liberty in a last will, it is clear from the word "leave" which is in said constitution, that it pertains only to the end of life. But what if one wishes to manumit among the living? Answer: he cannot unless he is twenty years old.

since liberty is a priceless thing, and for this reason antiquity prohibited liberty from being given to a slave before the twentieth year of age, we, choosing a middle way in some manner, do not grant a minor under twenty years the right to give liberty to his slave in a will unless he has completed his seventeenth year and has entered his eighteenth year.

s Antiquity.
t To postulate, that is, to explain the desire of his friend or client before the judges. He cannot be in court by himself. The reason is that sometimes one who commits his cause to such a one is harmed.
u To reach. Ask yourself the law; there is no reason why it is different. The same law must be established, for where there is the same reason, the same law must be established.

For since antiquity allowed those of this age and others to postulate, why should it not be believed that the stability of their own judgment might also aid them, so that they might also be able to reach the point of giving liberties to their slaves?

On the abrogation of the Lex Fufia Canina Fufian Caninian Law.

By the Lex Fufia Canina Fufian Caninian Law, a certain limit was established regarding manumitting slaves in a will, which we have decided to abolish, as it hindered liberties and in a way caused envy, since it was sufficiently inhumane that while the living...