[Rationale divinorum officiorum]

For the Mass and for Vespers, however, it is rung with only two bells. In smaller churches, it is to be rung simply, according to the aforementioned, and this on weekdays. On Sundays and solemn days, however, and especially at other times, it is rung fully. Because the preachers, who are signified by the bells, abound more frequently in time of grace and insist conveniently and inconveniently, therefore on feasts that pertain to grace, the bells chime more tumultuously and resound more lengthily, so that they might excite the sleeping and the drunken, lest they sleep beyond measure. But what the full ringing signifies when the Te Deum laudamus We praise Thee, O God is sung, will be told in the fifth part under the title concerning the nocturns. Truly, when someone is dying, the bells ought to be rung so that the people, hearing this, may pray for him. For a woman, indeed, twice, because she found otherness; for she first made man alien to God, which is why the second day did not have a blessing. For a man, however, it is rung three times, because in man the Trinity was first found. First, Adam was formed from the earth; then woman from Adam; afterwards the son was created from both, and thus there is a Trinity there. If, however, he is a cleric, it should be rung as many times as he held orders. At the very end, it must be rung with all the bells, so that the people may know for whom they are to pray. It must also be rung when the funeral is brought to the church, and when it is carried from the church to the tomb. Furthermore, bells are rung in processions so that demons, fearing, might flee, as will be told in the fourth part under the title concerning the access of the pontiff to the altar. For it fears hearing the trumpets of the Church Militant, that is, the bells, just as some tyrant fears hearing in his land the trumpets of a powerful king, his enemy. And this is also the cause why the Church, seeing tempests arise, rings the bells, so that the demons, hearing the bells—the trumpets of the eternal King—might flee in terror and cease from the agitation of the tempest, and so that at the ringing of the bell, the faithful might be admonished and provoked to insist in prayer for the instant danger. The bells are silent for the three days before Easter, as will be told in the sixth part under the title concerning Holy Thursday. The ringing of bells is silent during the time of interdict, because often, due to the transgression of subjects, the tongue of the preachers is hindered, according to that of the prophet: "I will make your tongue adhere to your palate, because the house—that is, the people—is exasperating, that is, it is saying things in motion." The Church also has organs, concerning which it will be told in the fourth part under the title concerning the saints.

Concerning the Cemetery and Other Sacred and Religious Places

Let us speak concerning the cemetery and other sacred and religious places. Truly, of venerable places, some are deputed for human necessity, others are dedicated to prayer. Places deputed for human necessity are the xenodochium hospital/inn for strangers, the xenostrophium a place for turning/receiving guests, which is the same as a ptochotropheum poorhouse, a gerontocomium home for the elderly, an orphanotropheum orphanage, and a ptochotrochium almshouse. For holy fathers and religious princes instituted such places in which the poor, pilgrims, the elderly, orphans, infants, the retired, the infirm, the imbecilic, and the wounded might be received and nourished. And note that geronta in Greek is called senex old man in Latin. Of places dedicated to prayer, however, some are sacra sacred, others are sancta holy, others are religious.

definition This text appears to be a marginal gloss moved into the main column by the OCR process. Sacred are those which, through the hands of bishops, have been duly dedicated and sanctified to God, which are called by various names as was premised under the title concerning the church. Holy are places of immunity or privileged ones deputed to the servants and ministers of the churches, concerning which, namely, under the threat of a certain penalty—either by law or by special privilege—it is forbidden that anyone presume to violate them; such are the atriums of churches, and in some places the cloisters, within which are the houses of the canons, in which, if those accused of any crime flee and receive themselves there, security is provided. And according to legal statutes, the gates and theaters of cities. Religious are those where the whole cadaver of a man or even the head alone is buried, because no one can have two burials. The body, however, or any other member buried without the head does not make a place religious. But also, according to legal institutes, the cadaver of a Jew, or a pagan, or an infant not yet baptized makes the place in which it is buried religious; according to the religion of the Christian and canonical doctrine, however, only the cadaver of a Christian makes a place religious. And note that whatever is sacred is religious, and not the reverse. Furthermore, this religious place is called in various ways, namely: a cemetery, a poliantrum city of the dead, or an antropolis tomb of man, which is the same thing. Also a sepulcher, a mausoleum grand tomb, which is the same, a dormitory, a tumulus, a monument, an ergastulum prison/workhouse, a sarcophagus flesh-eater (stone coffin), a pyramid, a bustum funeral pyre/tomb, an urn, and a cave. Cemetery is said from cimen sweet and sterion station, for there the bones rest sweetly and await the arrival of the Savior. Or because there are ciamites worms, that is, worms that are foul beyond measure. Poliantrum is said as if "polluted cave," because of the cadavers of men buried there. Or poliantrum is interpreted as the "multitude of the living," from polis which is plurality and antros which is man, and according to this, it is properly called a cemetery because of the multitude of men buried there. Similarly, antropolis, which is the same, is called a sepulcher as if "without dust," because he who is buried there lacks dust, or it is a place where bones are rendered. A mausoleum is named from a certain man who was called Mausolus, who was rich and powerful, and loved very much by his wife Artemisia, to such an extent that when he died, she built a glorious sepulcher for him, which she called a mausoleum from the name of her husband. From this, therefore, a custom grew that any precious sepulcher is called a mausoleum. A dormitory is said from "sleeping," because there the bodies of the saints rest, who sleep in the Lord. A tumulus mound is as if "swelling earth," because when a man is buried in the earth, the earth is elevated a little. A monumentum tomb/memorial is called such because it reminds the mind of anyone looking at it, so that he remembers that he is ash and will return into ash. Ergastulum is said from erga which is work, or from erga which is "a worker" and sterion which is station, for there the bodies of those who die in the Lord rest. Whence "Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord; from henceforth now, says the Spirit, etc." Sarcophagus is said from sarcos which is flesh and phagin which is to eat, because there the flesh is eaten, that is, consumed. A pyramid is said from pir which is fire.