Cornelii Valerii Ultraiectini In universam benedicendi [sic] rationem tabula, summam artis rhetoricae complectens

among themselves; and how great the relationship is between them.

which teaches pure speech: from dialectic it seeks the kinds of arguments and the methods of proving; but it takes adornment and the wealth of speech by its own right. Therefore, it belongs to rhetoric to have speech adorned with words, grave in thought, learned, and adapted to the senses of the minds and the morals of men.

Dialectic is brief and subtle; rhetoric is copious and popular.

The ancients joined Dialectic and Rhetoric in such a way that they said dialectic is like a fist, and rhetoric like a palm, because the former is brief, and the latter is copious and ornate; and the practitioners of both would place all subjects that could fall into a question, which were to be explained by diction, as if it were the material in which it is concerned; and they attributed a common treatment of all arts, brief and subtle to the dialectician, and copious and popular to the rhetorician.

The material of the arts of arguing is the question. Cic. lib. 1. de Orat. etc.

There are two kinds of questions. One is infinite, which is called a thesis a proposition in Greek, and in Latin a "proposal" or "consultation"; the other is defined, which is called a hypothesis a case in Greek, and in Latin a "cause" or "controversy". The thesis asks about a universal genus, without the designation of persons, times, places, and the like; but the hypothesis is about individual things, noting persons, times, and places. A thesis is: "Should one marry?" A hypothesis is: "Should a philosopher or an old man, at this time, in that place, with those morals, marry a foreign, dowerless, elderly girl, Julia, to Pompey?" Cicero correctly teaches that we should lead the defined question away from its specific persons and times to the infinite one, without which that one cannot be explained. For example, if this defined question is posed: "Was Clodius justly killed?" it cannot be proven unless it is established that any assailant can justly be killed. They call these "circumstances," by which a defined question is made, such as person, act, or thing, cause, time,

Two kinds of questions, one infinite, the other finite or certain, which is viewed through persons, from whose complex the infinite is free.

In Orator and in Topica, he teaches that all controversies must be raised to the force and nature of the universal genus.