Apotherapeia iatrikē

namely the posterior parts, which begins gradually from the back, with difficulty of urine, and it urges more when the intestines are empty.

XVII.

Next, signs are taken from things that help and things that harm: for in Colic, clysters enemas help, as do excretions made through medicines, and the passing of wind from the stomach and mouth. In Renal affection, however, they help little or nothing, but diuretics and lithotriptika stone-breaking remedies are suitable here, which do not profit in Colic in the least.

XVIII.

Then we take signs from changed excrements, which in Colics are dry and hard, just like skybala dung-balls; in Nephritis, however, they are softer. We add also, from Galen and Avicenna, that in this affection, from the beginning, the urines are either suppressed or are voided first clear, thin, and watery; afterwards, the urine is rendered turbid, thick, sandy, and sometimes bloody.

XIX.

To these chief signs, we can add signs taken from changed accidents, from antecedent causes, and others which, striving for brevity and serving the time, we omit.

XX.

Diagnostika Diagnostic signs vary, some being universal and others particular, according to the nature of the cause.

XXI.

The universal signs are those which are compared from the report of the sick and from feeling: they are, primarily, pain of the stomach, heaviness of the whole body, loathing of food, nausea, cold sweat, contraction of the legs. Finally, the testicles and the suspensions, according to Aretaeus, are wondrously tormented. Avicenna also testifies that it is a common sign for the urine to appear red.