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Holtermann, Heinrich · 1582

...Secondary, Intermediate, and Lowest. The former is subdivided into Ecclesiastical and Secular. The second is into new and old (or paternal). The third is into proper (or direct) and improper. Let these suffice. It is divided into parts: Investiture, Fealty, and Possession.
VI.
It can be constituted by Kings, who acknowledge no superior, by Dukes, Marquises, Counts, and Ecclesiastical persons established in dignity. It can be constituted by a woman through a procurator with special authority for a new fief, but not with free authority.
VII.
Regarding a minor under twenty-five years of age, it is sought whether he can give a new fief; I believe that, not even with sole authority (one case excepted), he cannot. I believe it to be truer, contrary to Zasius, that he cannot confirm a fief given by his father unless authority is added.
VIII.
It can be received by all who are not prohibited: Emperors, Kings, Dukes, Marquises, Counts. Whether it can be received by ecclesiastical persons is not unworthily questioned, and the doctors have varied in their opinions. But since I have said it can be constituted, I will be content with Canon and Feudal law as later usurped, and that of Hotman, which is in his disputation on fiefs, chapter 14, in the division.
IX.
A new fief can be received by bastards and adopted children, but not an old one. It can be received by women with a distinction as to which kind. I will maintain, contrary to the doctors and Zasius, that a minor who is an adult cannot receive either without authority.