Rudimenta prima grammatices, ex eruditissimis quibusque grammaticis excerpta

R V D I M E N T A ELEMENTS

they exit, they are formed from the last supine, with the syllable -rus added: as Lectu to be read, lecturus about to read; Auditu to be heard, auditurus about to hear. Those, however, which are formed in -dus, come from the present participle, by changing the last consonant into -dus: as from Legens reading, it becomes legendus to be read; from Amans loving, amandus to be loved.

S I G N I F I C A T I O SIGNIFICATION

How many significations of participles are there? Five. Which? Active, Passive, Neuter, Common, and Deponent.

From where are these taken? From the genders of the verbs. For just as there are five genders of verbs, so there are of participles. For a participle imitates the signification of its theme the root or base form. For those that fall from actives signify actively: as Legens reading, docens teaching. Passively, those from passives: as Lectus read, auditus heard. Absolutely or neutrally, those from absolute verbs: as Sedens sitting, vigilans watching, dormiens sleeping.

How many types of participles are formed from the active voice? Two types. Present in -ns, as Amans loving, docens teaching, legens reading, audiens hearing. And future in -rus, Amaturus about to love, docturus about to teach, lecturus about to read, auditurus about to hear.

How many types are drawn from the passive voice? Two types. Preterite past, as Amatus loved, doctus taught, lectus read, auditus heard. And future in -dus, as Amandus to be loved, docendus to be taught, legendus to be read, audiendus to be heard.

How many types fall from the neutral voice? Two types; just as from the active. Present, as Errans wandering, Cadens falling: And future in -rus, as Erraturus about to wander, Casurus about to fall.

How many types are formed from the common voice? Four types. Present; as Criminans accusing. Preterite, as Criminatus having accused. Future active, as Criminaturus about to accuse. And future passive, as Criminandus to be accused.

How many types are born from the deponent voice? Three types. Present, as Loquens speaking. Preterite, as Locutus having spoken. And future in -rus, as Locuturus about to speak.

Does the future in -dus also pertain to the deponent? Mostly, when clearly the verb itself from which it is formed is used passively: as Tuendus to be watched, hortandus to be urged, sequendus to be followed.

How many tenses of participles are of active signification? Three. Present in -ns, as Amans loving. Future in -rus, as Amaturus about to love. And in active deponents, preterite in -tus or in -sus: as Locutus having spoken, orsus having begun.

How many tenses of participles are of passive signification? Three likewise. Present and future in one voice in -dus: as Amandus to be loved. And preterite in -tus, or in -sus, or -xus: as Amatus loved, læsus harmed, flexus bent.

How many tenses of participles are of neutral signification? Three also. Present, as Sedens sitting. Future, as Sessurus about to sit. And in neutral