Theses de iureiurando propter calumniam dando

it and that was in use only under ancient law.

IX.
But although Justinian later introduced the general [oath], which was performed only from the beginning of the lawsuit: nevertheless, we think that the other can still be demanded in certain cases.

X.
We maintain that this oath was not introduced by divine law, nor first by Justinian: but was accepted from the Republic of the Athenians, and later more fully explained by the Emperor himself.

XI.
All those who are able to act in court and to repel those acting note: to defend against an accusation can demand it.

XII.
Indeed, some can act and repel those acting in their own name, others in the name of another.

XIII.
All who are not prohibited by nature or by law can act or file an exception in their own name.

XIIII.
Those who are destitute of mind and intellect are prohibited by nature: such as infants, the mentally incapacitated, the insane: to whom are added the mute and the deaf, who are such by nature.

XV.
Those who cannot correctly look after their own affairs, and who do not have a legitimate standing in court, are prohibited by law: such as those under puberty, spendthrifts, and those under 25 years of age.

XVI.
Those who are in the power of someone else, or those who are in their own right, perform acts in the name of another.

In