Four Books on Human Proportion

A technical anatomical drawing shows a human male figure from behind. This image illustrates human proportions. To the left of the figure, vertical lines act as measuring scales. These scales have fractions like 1/10, 1/30, and 1/40. These numbers align with different levels of the body. Anatomical labels are written between the scales and the figure. The figure has small numbers like 4 on the upper back and 8 on the buttocks. The letter A is a reference point located on the scale and near the right ankle.

Crown of the head
The back of the head original: "hinder wirbel"
Forehead

Eyebrows
Nose
Chin

Height of the shoulder
Height of the hollow of the throat This refers to the jugular notch at the base of the neck.
The chest
The armpits
Nipples
Under the chest

In the waist
At the navel
Shape of the hip

End of the hip
At the genitals original: "scham," referring to the pubic region or perineum.

End of the genitals
End of the buttocks

Indentation of the leg original: "Einpynssen des beyns," referring to the crease where the leg meets the buttock or the narrowing of the leg muscles.

Above the knee

Middle of the knee
Under the knee

End of the outer calf
End of the inner calf

A This letter identifies the first of Dürer's five types of human symmetry. It represents a man of standard, sturdy proportions.

Height of the instep on the foot
End of the ankle bone on the shin original: "knorren am schinbein," referring to the medial malleolus.
Sole