LIFE

...such as singing to the lyre. The third kind is performed by the hands alone, such as the art of playing the lyre original: citharistics. Of music, therefore, one part comes from the mouth alone; another from both the mouth and the hands; and a third from the hands alone. Nobility original: eugeneia is divided into four species. One is when the ancestors are noble, good, and just; those born from such people are said to be noble. Another is when the ancestors have been rulers or magistrates; those born from them are called noble. Another is when the ancestors were famous, such as for military command or for winning crowns in the great games; for those born from these, too, we call noble. A final species is when a person is himself of a noble nature in his soul and great-hearted; such a man is also said to be noble. Indeed, this is the finest form of nobility. Thus, of nobility, one part comes from virtuous ancestors, another from rulers, another from the famous, and another from one's own moral excellence original: kalokagathia. Beauty is divided into species. One kind is praiseworthy, such as the beauty of a fair appearance. Another is useful; for example, a tool or a house and such things are "beautiful" for their use. Another kind pertains to laws and pursuits and the like; these are "beautiful" for the benefit they provide. Therefore, of beauty, one kind is for praise, another for use, and another for benefit. The soul is divided into three parts. One part of it is the rational; another is the appetitive; and another is the spirited The "spirited" part (thymikon) relates to courage, anger, and the drive for honor. Of these, the rational is that by which we all deliberate, reason, and think. The appetitive part of the soul is that by which we experience the desires to eat, to procreate, and the like. The spirited part is that by which we feel confidence, pleasure, pain, and anger. Thus, of the soul, there is the rational, the appetitive, and the spirited. Of perfect virtue, there are four species: first, prudence original: phronesis; second, justice; third, courage; fourth, temperance original: sophrosyne. Of these, prudence is the cause of acting rightly in matters; justice is the act of doing right in partnerships and exchanges; courage is not failing to act in the midst of dangers and terrors, but remaining steadfast; and temperance is the mastery of desires, not being enslaved by any pleasure, but living in an orderly way. Thus, of virtue, one part is prudence, another justice, a third courage, and a fourth temperance. Rule original: arche; can mean magistracy or government is divided into five parts: one is according to law; one is according to nature; one is according to custom; the fourth is according to lineage; and the fifth is by force. The magistrates in cities, if they are chosen by the citizens, rule according to law. Those who rule according to nature are the males, not only among humans but also among the other animals (for generally, everywhere the males rule the females). Rule according to custom is such as when tutors rule children and teachers rule their pupils. Rule according to lineage is said to be like that of the Spartan kings, for the kingship comes from a specific lineage. In Macedonia, they rule in the same way, for there too the kingship is established by lineage. But those who rule by force or by deceit against the will of the citizens—such a rule is said to be by force. Thus, of rule, there is that by law, that by nature, that by custom, that by lineage, and that by force. Of rhetoric, there are six species. For whenever they urge men to go to war or to make an alliance with someone, such a species is called exhortation. When they demand not to go to war or make an alliance, but to keep the peace, such a species is dissuasion. The third species of rhetoric is when one claims to be wronged by another and shows them to be the cause of many evils; such a species is named accusation. The fourth species of rhetoric is called defense, when one shows oneself to have done no wrong or anything else out of place; this they call a defense. The fifth species of rhetoric is when someone speaks well of another and shows...

...the third is performed by the hands alone, as when we strike the lyre while the organ of the mouth is silent. Nobility is divided into four species. For those who were born from famous, good, and just ancestors are called noble; likewise, those whose parents were powerful and princes are called noble; also called noble are those whose ancestors were celebrated in fame and opinion, whether from great deeds in war or from winning crowns in contests. The other kind of nobility, and the most excellent, is when one excels by the greatness of one's own soul. Beauty likewise he distinguishes into three: one kind is praiseworthy, such as a beautiful face; another serves a use, such as a tool or a house, which besides being handsome, are also convenient for our needs; the third consists in laws and studies, and this most greatly looks after the conveniences of human life. Of the soul, there are likewise three parts: the rational, the appetitive, and the irascible original: irascibilem; the part of the soul prone to anger or spiritedness. Of these, the rational is the seat of counsel, thought, deliberation, and other such things. The appetitive is the cause of desiring food or sexual union and the like. The irascible is the author of confidence, pleasure, pain, and anger. Of perfect and consummate virtue, there are four species: the first is prudence, the second justice, the third fortitude, and the fourth temperance. Of these, prudence is the cause for all things to be done rightly. Justice, in social circles and the commerce of human life, is the author of not violating the law. Fortitude is that which keeps us from failing in our brave undertakings amidst dangers and terrors. Furthermore, temperance prescribes to us by its own law the curbing of desires, so that we are not subdued by any pleasure but live honestly. Magistracy original: magistratus he divides into five parts: into the legal, the natural, the equitable and right The Greek side calls this "customary", into that which happens through succession of lineage, and finally into the violent and tyrannical. For the magistrates of cities, if they are chosen by the citizens, command according to the law. By nature, the males everywhere, not only among men but also among other animals, are in charge of the females. By custom, both tutors command boys and teachers command disciples. By lineage, in the manner that the kings of the Lacedaemonians The Spartans dominate; for they obtain the kingdom by lineage. In the same way, the kings among the Macedonians command; for there too the kingdom is established by lineage. Furthermore, those who rule by force and against the will of the citizens are called violent and tyrants. He hands down six species of Oratory. For as often as the orator shall have ordered war to be undertaken and aid to be brought against someone, that species is called Exhortation. But when he warns to keep the peace, and neither to make war nor bring help, that species is called Dehortation Dissuasion. The third, when someone teaches that he has been affected by an injury by another and has endured many inconveniences, such a kind is called Accusation. The fourth species is called Defense, when he who is accused proves that he neither violated the law nor did anything else rashly or wrongly. The fifth species follows, when someone has spoken well and appropriately and has proclaimed something honorable and good; this is Praise or...

Singing to the lyre original: citharœdia, playing the lyre original: citharistice, nobility original: nobilitas / εὐγένεια, beauty original: pulchritudo / κάλλος, soul original: anima / ψυχή, virtue original: virtus / ἀρετή, magistracy/rule original: magistratus / ἀρχή, rhetoric original: rhetorica / ῥητορεία, Spartans original: Lacedaemonii, Macedonians original: Macedones, Plato