OF PLATO

is called a praise original: "encomium". Then the sixth, since it proves one to be base and evil, can be called Vituperation original: "Vituperatio".
Rightly speaking he divides into four parts. First, one must observe what ought to be said; second, how much should be said; third, to whom; fourth, when it should be spoken. Therefore, one ought to say those things which will be useful to both the speaker and the listener. The things that are appropriate to say are those that are neither too many nor fewer than is sufficient. As for those to whom one ought to speak: if indeed one must speak to elders who have done wrong, let us speak words suitable to that age; but if words must be made to younger people, let us use greater authority in our speaking. Regarding when one should speak: let it be said neither earlier nor later than reason demands. Otherwise, he who acts differently will certainly not escape fault. Beneficence the act of doing good or charity is divided fourfold. For a benefit may be provided either by money, or by bodies, or by disciplines, or by words. A benefit consists of money when someone helps the needy with funds so that they may be freed from poverty. It consists of bodies when men cherish one another and defend them from the injury and insolence of those who would strike them. Furthermore, those who instruct in the disciplines, or assist by the art of medicine, or teach something good, use that third kind of beneficence. But when someone has entered into a legal judgment and spoken on behalf of a friend, and assisted him by the power of his oratory, he has fulfilled the duty of beneficence with words. Likewise, he makes the end of things the purpose or completion of an action fourfold. For things receive an end either according to laws, as when a decree is confirmed and fulfilled by law; or an end comes to things according to nature, for both the day and the year and the seasons of the year pass away by natural law. Or an end is imposed on a thing according to art skill or craft; for an architect completes a building by art, and a shipbuilder likewise finishes a ship. Or an end happens by chance, as when something occurs differently than we thought and beyond our expectation. Therefore, the end of things is either legal, or natural, or consists in art, or in chance. Power or potential/capacity he likewise divides into four species: one is that by which we can think in the mind and form opinions; the second is that by which we are strong in body, such as to travel, to receive, to give, and other things of that kind; the third is that by which we are called powerful either by an abundance of money or a multitude of soldiers (from which a king is also said to have much power); the fourth distribution of power is that by which we can both do and suffer well and ill. For we have the capacity to be weakened, to be instructed, to grow healthy, and all things of this sort. Thus, the first species of power consists in the mind, the second in the body, the third in armies and money, the fourth in doing and suffering. Humanity or kindness/philanthropy he introduces as threefold. One kind occurs in address, as when someone by chance humanely greets whoever he meets, and extending his right hand, receives him courteously. Another species is when someone mercifully spends effort to help those who are afflicted. A third kind is that by which men celebrate banquets among themselves. Therefore, humanity consists either in the duty of greeting, or in help and aid, or in feasting and frequent gathering. Happiness original: "Felicitatem", Greek: "eudaimonia" he defines as divided into five parts. Its first part is good counsel; the second is to be vigorous in the senses and in the good health of the body; the third is to be fortunate in the conduct of affairs; the fourth is to excel in glory and authority among men; the fifth is to abound in money and other things for all the uses of life. Good counsel wise decision-making results from education and from the skill and experience of many things.

noble and good original: "καλὸν κἀγαθόν"; and such a kind is called a praise original: "ἐγκώμιον". Another kind is when one declares someone to be base; and such a kind is called blame original: "ψόγος". Therefore, of rhetoric, one part is praise, another blame, another persuasion, another dissuasion, another accusation, and another defense. Speaking rightly is divided into four: one, what one must say; one, how much one must say; third, to whom one must say it; and fourth, when it is necessary to speak. The things one must say are those which are going to benefit the speaker and the listener; "how much" is neither more nor less than what is sufficient. As for "to whom one must speak," if one is speaking to elders who are at fault, one must speak with words fitting for elders; if to younger people, one must speak words fitting for the young. As for "when one must speak," it should be neither too early nor too late; otherwise, one will fail and speak poorly. Beneficence is divided into four: either by wealth, or by bodies, or by knowledge, or by words. By wealth, when someone assists another in need with money; these are the impoverished. By bodies, they do good to one another when they come to the aid of those being struck. Those who educate, and heal, and teach something good, these do good through knowledge. When someone enters into a court of law as a helper for another, and speaks a formal speech on his behalf, he does good through words. Therefore, of beneficence, one is through wealth, another through bodies, another through knowledge, and the fourth through words. The end of things is divided into four kinds: one, things reach an end according to law, when a decree is made and the law completes it. Things reach an end according to nature in the case of the day, the year, and the seasons. Things reach an end according to art, such as architecture (for someone completes a house) and shipbuilding (for ships). An end happens to things according to chance when it turns out otherwise, and not as one expects. Therefore, the end of things is either according to law, nature, art, or chance. Power is divided into four kinds: one, that which we can calculate and suppose in our intellect; another in the body, such as to travel, to give, to receive, and such things; third, through a great multitude of soldiers and wealth, whence a king is called "having the power of many." The fourth division of power is to suffer, and to do well or ill; for example, we have the power to be ill, to be educated, to become healthy, and all such things. Thus, of power, one is in the intellect, another in the body, another in the camp and wealth, and another in doing and suffering. There are three kinds of humanity original: "φιλανθρωπίας" (philanthropy): one occurring through address, such as when people address everyone they meet and, joining right hands, greet them; another kind is when one is helpful to everyone who is unfortunate; another kind of humanity is that in which some are fond of dining together. Therefore, of humanity, one is through address, another through doing good, and another through hosting and fond social gathering. Happiness original: "εὐδαιμονία" is divided into five parts: one part of it is good counsel; another is sensitivity and health of the body; third, good fortune in one’s actions; fourth, good reputation among men; fifth, abundance of money and things useful for life. Good counsel comes from education and from becoming experienced in many things; sensitivity comes from the...