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Original fileBellum sits enthroned in a chariot driven by Furor and Rebellio, trampling personified Cruelty while riding through a landscape of sieges and naval battles. To the right, a winding path reveals a historical lineage of warriors including Abraham, David, and Samson, while an angelic Victoria hovers above the carnage. The print is dense with Latin inscriptions identifying specific sins and consequences of war, framing the conflict as both a physical and moral catastrophe.
Engraved during the Eighty Years' War, this work exemplifies the Netherlandish use of complex allegory to process political trauma through a biblical and Neostoic lens. It draws upon the Petrarchan tradition of 'Triumphs' to illustrate the destructive cycle of human ambition and the inevitability of divine judgment.
Ezech. 39. Crombeckte voghels, beesten tot bloet gheneghen Versaemt, haest u, loopt by een uut alle weghen Tot mijn bloet offer voor u bereyt naer wenschen: Et u beedich vleesch, drincket lauter bloet der menschen Van stercke helden en Princen hooch van moed, Wordt sadt want u droncken van der heren bloed, Op de maelschap grondtelijck die God sal maken In den vreeselijcken dach des toornigen wraken. Victoria Bellum Furor Rebellio Iniuria Ambitio Arrogatia Despectio Crudelitas Fames Captivitas Praeda Exercitus Flamma David Samson Josue Gedeon Jonathan Phinees Caleb Abraham Abisai Banaas Eleazar Adodatus Iudas Machabeus Georgeus Abner Vrbium depopulatio Computatio sumptus Munitio ciuitatum Consilium Fortitudo Astus Vltio Philippus Galle excud. 1578
Translation
Ezech. 39. Crumbling birds, beasts inclined to blood, Gather, hasten, run together from all ways To my blood sacrifice prepared for you as you wish: Eat your prayerful flesh, drink the pure blood of men, Of strong heroes and Princes high of courage, Be satisfied, for you are drunk with the blood of the lords, At the banquet which God shall thoroughly make On the terrible day of wrathful vengeance. Victory War Fury Rebellion Injury Ambition Arrogance Contempt Cruelty Famine Captivity Plunder Army Flame David Samson Joshua Gideon Jonathan Phinehas Caleb Abraham Abishai Benaiah Eleazar Adeodatus Judas Maccabeus George Abner Depopulation of cities Calculation of costs Fortification of cities Counsel Fortitude Cunning Revenge Philippus Galle excud. 1578
Petrarch
The visual structure of the 'triumph' chariot is directly influenced by Petrarch's I Trionfi, a staple of Renaissance allegorical art.
Ezekiel 39
The inscription explicitly cites this biblical prophecy regarding the slaughter of armies as a sacrificial feast for birds and beasts.
Object
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
paper
height 197 mm x width 361 mm
allegory
Linked Data
AI AI-cataloged fields generated by gemini-3-flash-preview on April 1, 2026. Getty identifiers are AI-inferred and may require verification.