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Wikimedia Commons · CC0 1.0 · Hover to magnify, click for fullscreen
Original fileThe image features a large, black capital letter 'M' superimposed on a precise grid of circles and diagonal lines within a square frame. This diagram demonstrates the Renaissance method of typography where each part of a character is defined by mathematical ratios and geometric intersections. Below the illustration, a paragraph of Italian text provides specific technical instructions on how to replicate the letter's proportions.
This work embodies the Renaissance Neoplatonic belief that mathematical harmony and the 'Divine Proportion' underlie all perfect forms, from the cosmos to human-made symbols. It represents the historic collaboration between the mathematician Luca Pacioli and Leonardo da Vinci, aiming to unify art, science, and philosophy through sacred geometry.
Questa lettera .M. se caua del tondo e del ſuo quadro le gambe ſuttili uogliãno eſser per mezo de le groſse comme la ſeniſtra del .A. le extreme gambe uogliãno eſser al quan to dentro al quadro le medie fra quelle e le interſecationi de li diametri lor groſseze . groſse e ſuttili ſerefereſcano a quel le del .A. cõme di ſopra in figura aperto poi compren dere.
Translation
This letter M is derived from the circle and from its square; the thin legs should be half of the thick ones like the left [side] of the A; the outer legs should be somewhat inside the square; the middle ones [belong] between those and the intersections of the diameters; their thicknesses, thick and thin, refer to those of the A, as can be clearly understood from the figure above.
Luca Pacioli, De divina proportione
Leonardo da Vinci designed the illustrations for this treatise, which explores the application of mathematical proportions to art and architecture.
Vitruvius
The construction of 'Vitruvian' letters within circles and squares follows the classical architectural tradition of basing all design on perfect geometric figures.
Object
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY
Book with woodcut illustrations
11 5/8 x 8 1/4 x 1 1/4 in. (29.6 x 21 x 3.1 cm)
scientific
Digital Source
The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0 1.0
3358 × 3596 px
March 24, 2026
Linked Data
AI AI-cataloged fields generated by gemini-3-flash-preview on April 2, 2026. Getty identifiers are AI-inferred and may require verification.