PROPORTIONS — PAINTING — MORALS — FORCE — MOVEMENT.

— The foot, from the tip to the heel, fits 2 times from the heel to the knee, that is to say, where the leg bone meets that of the thigh.

— The hand, up to where it meets the arm bone, fits 4 times from the tip of the longest finger to the shoulder joint.

— Remember how aqua vitaeoriginal: "lacqua vite" — literally "water of life," a high-proof distilled spirit or alcohol used by Leonardo as a solvent for extracting pigments and scents. gathers within itself all the colors and scents of flowers; and if you wish to make azure, put cornflowers original: "fiorarisi" (likely fioralisi) into it, and then poppies original: "rosolaci".

— Fame should be depicted with the entire person covered in tongues instead of feathers, in the shape of a bird. Leonardo draws on the classical description of Fama from Virgil’s Aeneid, where she is a feathered monster with an eye and tongue under every feather to spread rumors.

— If—if you had a body according to your virtue, you would not fit in this world.

— You grow in fame and in reputation.

— You grow — in reputation — like bread — in the hand — of children. This likely refers to how quickly bread is broken or consumed by children, suggesting the fragility or the rapid, messy growth of a public reputation.

— Water that descends by one inch per hour.

— Definition of force and movement in animals: I say the said movement is caused by various polesoriginal: "poli" — here meaning centers of rotation or pivotal points in the joints..

— Force is created by the swelling original: "sgonfiamento" — Leonardo often used terms of inflation and deflation to describe how muscles change shape to create tension. of muscles and the shortening of muscles which pull back, and the nerves which hold in such a way that it appears to the sensation that passes through the hollow cords. Leonardo's early anatomical belief was that nerves were hollow tubes (cords) through which "animal spirits" or sensations flowed to trigger movement.