The Perfect Law

dimension. Its innumerable particles (Kalanu These are "time-atoms," the discrete units of time in Jain cosmology.) are close-packed in universal space, but coalesce with one another.

original Prakrit: जीवो उवओगमओ उवओगो णाणदंसणो होइ ।

original Prakrit: णाणुवओगो दुविहो सहावणाणं विभावणाणं त्ति ॥ १० ॥

original Sanskrit: जीव उपयोगमयः उपयोगो ज्ञानदर्शनं भवति ।

original Sanskrit: ज्ञानोपयोगो द्विविधः स्वभावज्ञानं विभावज्ञानमिति ॥ १० ॥

10. Soul is characterised by Upayoga Upayoga refers to the functional manifestation of consciousness—the soul "in action.". Upayoga is towards Darsana Perception or general awareness or Jnána Detailed knowledge. Jnána-Upayoga (the application of knowledge) is of two kinds, Swabháva Jnana (Natural Knowledge) or Vibháva Jnana (Modified or Extrinsic Knowledge).

Commentary.

In Panchástikáya Samaya Sára (The Essence of the Five Realities), Volume iii of the Sacred Books of the Jainas Series, page 15, Professor Chakravarti says that the term Upayoga is used to denote Darsana and Jnána. Darsana is perception, and Jnána is knowledge.

In Dravya Samgraha (Compendium of Substances), Volume I of the S. B. J. page 9, Mr. Sarat Chandra Ghoshal says that Upayoga is of two kinds, being connected with Jnána, and Darsana. Upayoga is the resultant of consciousness. Roughly, Upayoga may be said to be a sort of inclination which arises from consciousness. This inclination is either towards Darsana or towards Jnána.

Mr. J. L. Jaini in his Gommatsara Jiva Kanda (The Essence of Doctrine: Soul Fragment), Volume V. of S. B. J. on page 326, translated Upayoga as conscious-attentiveness or attention.

The difference between Darsana and Jnána consists in this, that in the former the details are not perceived, while in the latter the details are also known.

Mr. Herbert Warren in his “Jainism” on page 29 says:—“Before we know a thing in a detailed way, there is the stage where we simply see, hear, or otherwise become conscious of it in a general way, without going into its ins and outs. We simply know it as belonging to a class. This is the first stage of knowledge; it may be called detail-less knowledge or indefinite cognition (Darsana). If this stage is not experienced there can be no knowledge of the thing.”

Mr. J. L. Jaini in his Gommatsara Jiva Kanda Volume V. S. B. J. on page 245, translates Darsana as conation The mental faculty of purpose or desire to act, though here specifically the initial spark of awareness..