Treatise on Military Preparedness (Vol. 3)

The Merit of Humility and the Separation of Spheres

It means harmony. In ancient times, the etiquette of the state (Guo Rong): the rituals, civilian dress, and social graces of court life did not enter the military, and the etiquette of the military (Jun Rong): the discipline, armor, and rigid hierarchy of the army did not enter the state. Therefore, virtue and righteousness did not overstep their proper bounds.

The sovereign values soldiers who do not boast (bu fa zhi shi): men who do not seek personal glory or brag of their kills. Such men are the true instruments of the sovereign. If one does not boast, one seeks nothing. If one seeks nothing, then one does not contend for personal gain.

Administrative hearings within the state must grasp the true nature of the people’s circumstances. Military hearings must grasp what is appropriate for the tactical situation. In this way, talents and technical skills do not overshadow or interfere with one another. To follow orders is the highest merit for a soldier. To violate orders is the highest crime. Thus, bravery and strength do not clash with the chain of command.

For those who serve as soldiers, following the sovereign's orders leads to the highest rewards; failing to follow orders leads to the ultimate punishment.

Once the people have been thoroughly educated, the ruler may then carefully select them for service. When administrative tasks are perfectly refined, the various officials will be sufficient to their duties. When education is kept essential and concise, the people will strive toward excellence. When habits are firmly established, the people will embody these customs as their own.

This is the pinnacle of transformation through education. In ancient times, when chasing a retreating enemy, one did not pursue them too far; when following a fleeing foe, one did not catch up to them This was a tactical rule to prevent the army from being led into an ambush by a feigned retreat.. By not going too far, it was difficult for the enemy to lure the army into a trap. By not catching up, it was difficult to be encircled. One uses ritual as a defense and benevolence to achieve victory. After victory has been achieved, then...