Treatise on Armament Technology, Volume 3

Critique of Military Formulae

The Methods of the Sima

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The Establishment of Law. Establishing the military and the state requires seven steps: The first is evaluating and measuring capacity. The second is Law. The third is establishing firm adherence. The fourth

is Speed. The fifth is managing the equipment maintaining armor and helmets. The sixth is standardizing colors distinguishing banners and insignia. The seventh

is the officials. They should not wear extravagant dress. In general, when a military commander keeps the law within himself, it is called "Sole Authority" the law originates with the commander and is given to those below.

When men fear the law, it is called "Legality" making the people fear the law. The army does not listen to petty rumors; combat does not pursue petty gains. Achievement is daily, and actions are subtle; this is called

the Way. Not listening to small schemes and not fighting for small gains is called "Strategy" achieving success and then moving; matters that are subtle and minute constitute the correct Way.

In all combat, if the orthodox methods do not work, then matters require "Sole Authority." If the troops do not submit, then use Law. If they do not trust one another, then use Singleness of Purpose. In all combat,

Laws and orders are used to unify the people. If they do not trust each other, use sincerity and singleness of purpose to gain their confidence.

the goal is the Way of stopping conflict. If the momentum does not carry, use singleness of purpose to carry it out. If those below do not submit, or if they are idle, then stir them. If they are in doubt, then change the situation. If the people do not trust their superior, then perform an act that is unprecedented original: "行其不復," literally 'to act without repeating,' suggesting a unique or decisive action that proves the commander's resolve or intent to shake them out of their state.

If there is collective idleness, change the circumstances to dispel their doubts and move them to action.

If one is not trusted by the people, one should not repeat the same failed actions. This has been the reality of governance since ancient times.