Libya

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Map Labels

Waters and Continental Boundaries

• The Mediterranean Sea
• Asia
• The Red Sea
• The Indian Ocean original: "Tianzhuhai" (天竺海), literally "The Sea of India."
• The Southwest Sea Referring to the South Atlantic Ocean.
• The Western Red Sea original: "Xihonghai" (西紅海); likely a reference to the Gulf of Aden or a variation in naming for the seas surrounding the Arabian Peninsula.

Major Landforms and Deserts

• The Great Sandy Wilderness original: "Hansha Yekuang" (漢沙野曠), referring to the Sahara Desert.
• The Desert Wilderness
• Libya Here referring specifically to the inland regions of North Africa rather than the whole continent.

Rivers and Towns

• The Nile River original: "Nicihe" (尼刺河).
• The Luo River Likely another branch or name for the Nile system.
• Suez original: "Subei" (蘇北).
• Medina
• Rome
• Lisbon original: "Lisiboya" (利斯波亞).
• Barbary The Barbary Coast of North Africa.
• Tunis
• Alexandria
• Aden
• Arabia

Islands and Coastlines

• Saint Lawrence original: "Sheng Luolunsuo" (聖羅倫索), the historical Portuguese name for the island of Madagascar.
• The Canary Islands
• The Gold Coast original: "Ya Wujin Gang" (牙五金港).
• Guinea original: "Weinifa" (危尼法).
• Luanda original: "Ya-wo-na" (亞我那); likely referring to the Angolan coast.
• Galla Likely referring to the Oromo/Galla regions of East Africa.
• Mali
• Benguela original: "Benhu" (本胡).
• Mountain Pass
• White Peak original: "Baifeng" (白峯); likely Cabo Blanco.
• Ceuta original: "Shoute Buba" (收特布巴).
• Ethiopia original: "Amadupi" (阿馬度皮); a phonetic rendering of "Aethiopia."
• Timbuktu/Aden original: "Tiandu Adan" (天笃阿丹); possibly a conflation of regional names in the southern reaches of the Sahara or the Horn of Africa.

Phonetic Transliteration The names on this map are "ateji" or phonetic approximations using Chinese characters to represent the sounds of European names (Portuguese, Spanish, or English), a common practice in 19th-century Chinese cartography.