Europe

The North Sea
Likely referring to the Arctic Ocean or the northern reaches of the Atlantic as understood by 17th-century cartographers.

Border of the Continent of Asia
original: "Yaxiyazhou Jie" (亞細亞州界).

A reference to the Ural Mountains, which define the boundary between the two continents.

Russia
original: "Eluosi" (俄羅斯).

Volga River
original: "Woya He" (窩牙河); a phonetic transcription of the Volga, the longest river in Europe.

The Caspian Sea, also known as the Ru Sea
original: "Guohai ji Ruhai" (裹海即茹海). "Guo" is an early phonetic attempt at "Caspian." "Ru" refers to the Red Sea in some contexts, but here is equated with the Caspian, reflecting early modern terminological flux.

The Western Regions
original: "Xiyu" (西域). While traditionally meaning Central Asia in Chinese history, here it refers to the lands to the west of the Russian-Asian frontier.

Border of Northern Persia
original: "Bei Erxiya Jie" (北耳西亞界). "Erxiya" is a phonetic rendering of "Persia."

The Kingdom of Judea
original: "Youda Guo" (猶大國). While geographically distant from Russia, its inclusion here likely reflects the Jesuit interest in marking sites of biblical significance on the world map.

The Black Sea, also known as the Great Sea
original: "Heihai ji Taihai" (黑海即太海). "Tai" means great or grand.

The Sea of Azov, also known as Lake Moyi
original: "Asu Hai ji Moyi Hu" (阿速海即默一湖). "Moyi" is a phonetic transcription of "Maeotis," the classical Latin name for the Sea of Azov (Maeotis Palus).

Border of Southern Turkey
original: "Nan Tu'erqi Jie" (南土耳其界).

The Adriatic Sea
original: "Yadeya Hai" (亞德亞海).

The Russian Border

Lapland
original: "Lalandi" (拉蘭地); referring to the northernmost region of Fennoscandia.

The White Sea

Onega River
original: "Eni Jiang" (俄尼江); likely referring to the Onega River or the region around Lake Onega in northwestern Russia.

The Vatican
original: "Landigan" (闌地干); a phonetic transcription of "Vatican," used here to denote the Papal States or the center of the Catholic world.