Dutch Guiana

The Atlantic Ocean

The South Atlantic Ocean

original: 南海陽 (Nan Haiyang). Literally "Southern Ocean," used here to denote the waters off the coast of South America.

[Circuit] Dutch Territory Germanic Border original: 日耳曼國界 (Ri-er-man guojie). In the 19th century, Chinese scholars often categorized the Dutch as part of the broader "Germanic" or "Teutonic" peoples.

Geographical Labels:

River? Nimou
Sedaihe?
Paria Likely referring to the Gulf of Paria or the surrounding region in the northeast of the continent.
Nihedai?
Nalindai?
Amazon River
Dudeban?
Nadeban?
Bulinduo?
Balindai
Dujibi? North
Paraná River

Coordinates and Orientation:

North Latitude
Grid Scale: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 35, 3, 2, 1
These numbers represent the coordinate grid used by Wei Yuan, synthesized from Jesuit and European maps available in China at the time.