Complete Map of the Earth, Part 1: Map of the Atlantic Ocean

Combined Map of Two Nations

In historical Chinese cartography, "Combined Maps" often displayed the shared borders or the geographical relationship between two major neighboring powers.

Spain
original: 西胖 (Xipan). An early phonetic transliteration of "España."

The Netherlands

French Border

Kou? of Chin
Likely a reference to a coastal feature or city in western France; "Kou" often indicates an opening or port.

Paris

Kou?-lides
Likely Cadiz, the major Spanish port city, or perhaps the Loire region.

Mende
A city in Southern France.

Kou?-nandes
Likely Nantes, the significant port city on the French Atlantic coast.

Northern Italy

Kou?-qing-tai-lin
Phonetically similar to Turin (Torino) in Northern Italy.

Venice

Kou? Saint-Padu
Likely Padua (Padova), a city located near Venice.

Kou? V-y-s
Likely Vienna or a phonetic rendering of a similar Central European city reachable via these routes.

Prussian Border

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