Southwestern Seas: The Kingdom of Western India, Part I

While the text uses the term "Western India" (西印度), the geography and names clearly describe Persia (modern-day Iran). Early Chinese geographers often grouped these regions based on their position relative to the Indus River.

The kingdom was eventually destroyed by the Arabs original: 阿丹 (Adan); likely referring to the Islamic Caliphate, and they changed their customs to follow the Islamic religion original: 回教 (Huijiao) of the Arabs. They led armies on eastern expeditions, expanding their territory even further. Suddenly, they were again invaded by the Turks original: 都魯機 (Duluji); the Ottoman Empire and the Tartars original: 韃韃里 (Dadali), and the country once again became a battlefield.

Until the year 1586 the 14th year of the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty, a man named Abbas Shah Abbas I, "the Great" (r. 1587–1629) gathered his tribal forces and drove out all the foreigners. He restored the old capital and established a government, which lasted for over two hundred years.

Later, the Afghans original: 阿富晏士 (Afuyanshi) rose in rebellion. Everywhere they went, they burned and slaughtered, leaving the people in utter misery. Fourteen years later, a ruler known as Kouli Khan original: 高里坎 (Gaolikan); referring to Nader Shah, often called Thamas Kuli Khan in Western sources raised an army, attacked the Afghans, and set himself up as King. However, he merely replaced violence with violence, and when he died, he left no heir.

The various tribal leaders fought one another for the throne until a great general seized power, calling himself King Karim Khan original: 加林坎 (Jialinkan); Karim Khan Zand, founder of the Zand Dynasty. He remained on the throne for sixteen years. Upon his death, the country fell into chaos once again. This was the year 1779 of the Christian era the 44th year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty.

Then, an eunuch named Agha Mohammad original: 阿牙磨哈墨 (Ayamuhamo); Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, who founded the Qajar Dynasty used his military forces to settle the unrest in the year 1796 the 1st year of the Jiaqing reign of the Qing Dynasty.