Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms, Vol. 12

The import value is 19.5 million silver dollars original: 員 (yuan); a unit of currency, likely the Spanish or Mexican silver dollar used in global trade at the time, and the export value is the same. There are 1,889 ships. Other small trade stations also see goods valued at three or four hundred dollars entering and leaving. This is also true of the West Indian islands belonging to England.

The Atlas of All Nations original: 萬國地理全圖集 (Wanguo dili quantu ji); likely a reference to a Western geographic work translated into Chinese states: Persia original: 白西國 (Baixiguo) is the land of the Persians original: 包社 (Baoshe); likely a phonetic transcription of 'Parsa' or 'Persis' within the Western Indian regions. To the south, it reaches the corner of the sea; to the north, it reaches the Fearful Lake original: 畏湖 (Weihu); possibly referring to the Aral Sea or the Caspian Sea in the Western Regions and the borderlands of Russia. To the east, it reaches India, and to the west, it meets the vassal states of Turkey referring to the Ottoman Empire.

In terms of latitude original: 北極出地 (beiji chudi); literally "height of the North Pole above the horizon", it lies between 26 and 40 degrees. In terms of longitude, it is 44 to 60 degrees east. In the northern part of the country, there are several mountain ranges; from a distance, they look like the giant teeth of a saw. Its rivers are not long; some flow into lakes, while others are absorbed into the sandy soil. The land possesses fine horses and unusual sheep. During the Zhou and Qin dynasties roughly 1046 BCE – 206 BCE, the kings of this land were powerful and subjugated their neighboring countries. During the Tang dynasty 618–907 CE, they abandoned their traditional practices of fire worship and sun worship referring to Zoroastrianism, which declined following the Islamic conquest of Persia.