Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms, Volume 34

The local customs follow the religion of Muhammad original: 馬哈墨教 (Mahamo jiao); 19th-century Chinese transliteration for Islam. They have been in constant conflict with Abyssinia original: 阿邁司尼阿 (Amaisinia); modern-day Ethiopia for a long time. The two factions govern their affairs separately. The trade in Zeila original: 西臘 (Xila); a historic port city in modern Somaliland was once flourishing and populous, but it was eventually seized by Abyssinia.

Advancing further from here, the terrain consists entirely of mountains and wilderness. Within this region lies the kingdom of Enarea original: 任尼羅國 (Renniluo guo); a historic kingdom in southwestern Ethiopia known for its gold and civet trade. It is said that when a new chieftain is installed, he immediately slaughters the concubines and high officials of the former chieftain, taking their blood to decorate the palace rooms. The two aforementioned countries both fall under the jurisdiction of Aden original: 阿丹 (Adan); likely referring here to the Sultanate of Adal or the administrative sphere of the Gulf of Aden.

The Collection of Universal Geography with Maps original: 萬國地理全圖集 (Wanguo dili quantu ji); a reference to Western geographic works translated into Chinese states: In East Africa original: 東亞非利加 (Dong Yafeilijia), only the nation of Portugal original: 葡萄牙 (Putaoya) has opened new territories. Its northwestern regions are occupied by Muslims original: 回回 (Huihui). The coastline is very low-lying, with dense forests appearing everywhere. The inhabitants are of a fierce and ambitious nature, behaving almost like wild beasts. Within the mountains, there are medicinal ingredients as well as gold dust.

The power of Portugal is currently in decline; their troops are weak and their generals few. They engage in the slave trade original: 買人口 (mai renkou); literally "the buying of people" as their primary profession, sending these enslaved people to Macau original: 澳門 (Aomen) in Guangdong and the Chinese interior. The local tribes are cunning, violent, and unrestrained. The vegetation is lush and the animals are numerous and prolific.